Suchergebnisse

This paper introduces the Hypothetical Household Tool (HHoT), a new extension of EUROMOD, the tax-benefit microsimulation model for the European Union. With HHoT, users can easily create their own hypothetical data, which enables them to better understand how policies work for households with specific characteristics. The tool creates unique possibilities for an enhanced analysis of taxes and social benefits in Europe by integrating results from microsimulations and hypothetical household simulations in a single modelling framework. Furthermore, the flexibility of HHoT facilitates an advanced use of hypothetical household simulations to create new comparative policy indicators in the context of multi-country and longitudinal analyses. In this paper, we highlight the main features of HHoT, its strengths and limitations, and illustrate how it can be used for comparative policy purposes.

This paper introduces the Hypothetical Household Tool (HHoT), a new extension of EUROMOD, the tax-benefit microsimulation model for the European Union. With HHoT, users can easily create their own hypothetical data, which enables them to better understand how policies work for households with specific characteristics. The tool creates unique possibilities for an enhanced analysis of taxes and social benefits in Europe by integrating results from microsimulations and hypothetical household simulations in a single modelling framework. Furthermore, the flexibility of HHoT facilitates an advanced use of hypothetical household simulations to create new comparative policy indicators in the context of multi-country and longitudinal analyses. In this paper, we highlight the main features of HHoT, its strengths and limitations, and illustrate how it can be used for comparative policy purposes.

The paper presents some empirical results about the assessment of the effects from tax-transfer policies on incomes of Bulgarian households for the period 2011-2015 obtained by EUROMOD – the tax-transfer simulation model of the EU – utilizing data from EU SILC survey. The simulation analysis was performed by tracking the changes in household income distribution for any year from the period where the policy parameters from the base year (2011) were replaced by those enacted for each year, holding the population structure and gross household market incomes fixed at the base year. The results show that the changes in the policies brought in income increments mainly for the households in the lowest income groups. Poverty rate decreases by 1.3-2.9 percentage points (depending on several levels experimented for the poverty threshold). Nevertheless, the poverty level in Bulgaria is among the highest in EU and special measures should be launched in order to enhance the living standard of Bulgarian households.

This paper considers the methodology of measuring replacement rates, comparing simulation based approaches, which simulate replacement rates for a representative sample of the population, with other approaches that simulate replacement rates for typical families or are entirely based on recorded household data. We emphasise the advantages of the first method. Utilising a cross-country microsimulation model for Europe, EUROMOD, we generate the distribution of replacement rates for four European countries, Denmark, France, Spain and the UK. In particular we show the important role of household composition and the presence of other household members' incomes in preserving the standard of living while out of work. We argue that, given this strong influence of primary incomes, replacement rates are not necessarily the best indicator of the impact of the taxbenefit system in this respect. To isolate the effects of the tax-benefit system on both work incentives and the degree of social protection for the out-of-work population, we therefore introduce a new measure, the "tax-benefit-to-earnings ratio".

The purpose of this study is to examine the technical feasibility of the microsimulation model application for the analysis of the impact of policy on social integration from the national as well as from the EU perspective. This is the first time that Malta's tax-benefit system has been analysed from the angle of the main elements of this system implying the policy rules that are underlying the entitlement criteria defining them. This was an opportunity for the main players in this field to work in synergy on this vital issue: the Ministry for the Family and Social Solidarity, in charge of social benefits, the Ministry of Finance responsible for the fiscal policy and income tax system in particular, and the National Statistics Office tasked with income data collection based on the EU-SILC1 methodology. This Feasibility Study describes the situation as it was in the year 2006. Firstly, the study describes the main elements of the tax-benefit system, namely: income, income tax brackets, capital resources and Social Security contributions. The second section of the study illustrates the main sources of data to be used for modelling purposes and also shows the examples of the calculation of income tax and social benefits. It has been agreed that the EU SILC 2007 data would be used for the income element since Malta has joined this system of data collection way back in 2005. Regarding social benefits, the SABS2 database would be used, where all individual cases are available on daily, monthly or annual basis. The study also gives an overview of the auxiliary data sets that exist and can be used for checking and benchmarking purposes, once the modelling results become available. The third section of the study firstly outlines the qualities and limitations of the input data set. This section also focuses on specificities of Malta's data collection and possible difficulties regarding model application. The study points at the possible combinations of sample and population databases. Also, simulation possibilities have ...

This paper analyses the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on household disposable income and household demand in the European Union (EU), making use of the EU microsimulation model EUROMOD and nowcasting techniques. We show evidence of heterogeneity in the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the labour markets in EU Member States, with some countries hit substantially harder than others. Most EU Member States experience a large drop in market incomes in 2020, with poorer households hit the hardest. Tax-benefit systems cushioned significantly the transmission of the shock to the disposable income and the household demand, with monetary compensation schemes playing a major role. Additionally, we show that monetary compensation schemes prevent a significant share of households from becoming liquidity constrained during the pandemic.

"Cover" -- "Title Page" -- "Copyright Page" -- "Acknowledgements" -- "List of Abbreviations" -- "Table of Contents" -- "List of Figures, Tables and Boxes" -- "Chapter 1 Introduction" -- "References" -- "Annex A: EUROMOD: version and data sources" -- "Annex B: Tax-benefit systems and input datasets in EUROMOD (version D25)" -- "Annex C: Categorization of income components" -- "Part I: Setting the Scene" -- "Chapter 2 An Enlarged Role for Tax-benefit Models" -- "1 Enlargement of the European Union and EUROMOD" -- "2 A brief (personal) history of tax-benefit models" -- "3 Enlarging the role of tax-benefit modelling in the European Union" -- "4 Enlarging the role of tax-benefit modelling globally" -- "5 Summary of main points" -- "References" -- "Chapter 3 Euromod: Past, Present and Future" -- "1 What is EUROMOD? A brief history" -- "2 Challenges from the first phase" -- "2.1 Barriers for users" -- "2.2 Relevance for academic research" -- "2.3 Relevance for policy analysis" -- "3 Current and recent activities" -- "3.1 User-friendliness" -- "3.2 Spin-off models" -- "3.3 Extending the scope of EUROMOD" -- "3.4 Policy-relevant monitoring and analysis" -- "4 Plans for the immediate future" -- "4.1 Access" -- "4.2 Extensions" -- "4.3 The EUROMOD community" -- "5 Future possibilities and new challenges" -- "5.1 EUROMOD beyond the EU" -- "5.2 Linkages to other types of model" -- "References" -- "Annex: How to find out more about EUROMOD" -- "Part II: Comparative Analyses Using the Enlarged EUROMOD" -- "Chapter 4 The Effects of Taxes and Benefits on Income Distribution in the Enlarged EU" -- "1 Introduction" -- "2 Methodology and data" -- "3 Analysis" -- "3.1 Income composition" -- "3.2 Income inequality and redistribution" -- "3.3 Poverty" -- "4 Summary" -- "References" -- "Annex A: Statistics on income distribution

Governments face a potential trade-off between provision for the growing population in retirement and the support of working-age households with low income. Using EUROMOD-based microdata from 28 countries, we (a) quantify the redistribution to the pensioner and non-pensioner populations, (b) study the position of net beneficiaries in the overall income distribution and (c) analyse how taxes and benefits affect the working-age population with low income. Our results provide novel insights into the distributive role of tax-benefit systems across Europe. Interestingly, a strong overall redistribution between households is associated with generous pensions for a portion of the retirees but negatively related to support for low-income households.

Governments face a potential trade-off between provision for the growing population in retirement and the support of working-age households with low income. Using EUROMODbased microdata from 28 countries, we (a) quantify the redistribution to the pensioner and non-pensioner populations, (b) study the position of net beneficiaries in the overall income distribution and (c) analyse how taxes and benefits affect the working-age population with low income. Our results provide novel insights into the distributive role of tax-benefit systems across Europe. Interestingly, a strong overall redistribution between households is associated with generous pensions for a portion of the retirees but negatively related to support for low-income households.