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"The past two decades have witnessed dramatic shifts in public policy, with increasing complexity not only in the relationships between the state, society, and the private sector, but also in the interactions among various orders of government in places such as Canada, the United States, and the European Union. In Policy Governance in Multi-level Systems, Charles Conteh examines how these seismic structural changes have impacted the work of public organizations and how these organizations are responding to modifications in their operating environments

Recent years have seen considerable changes in the technology of transportation with the development of high-speed rail networks, more fuel-efficient automobiles and aircraft, and the widespread adoption of informatics in disciplines such as traffic management and supply chain logistics. The authors in this volume assess transportation interactions with employment and income, examine some of the policies that have been deployed to maximize the economic and social impacts of transportation provision at the local and regional levels and analyze how advances in transportation technologies have impacted, and will, impact future development. -- Due in part to the general liberalization of markets, there have been major changes in the institutional environment in which transportation is supplied; these changes inevitably affect wider economic systems and development, although in turn these changes feed back upon transportation networks. The contributors to this work develop these and other themes from a variety of perspectives, implementing a wide range of academic approaches into their analyses. Stemming from initiatives of the Network on European Communications and Transport Activities Research (NECTAR), Transportation and Economic Development Challenges presents a body of research that exemplifies the organization's objective of fostering research collaboration around the world.

The number of economy-related country rankings has been steadily increasing. By one account the number of global performance indices has risen from less than 50 in 1999 to over 150 only 15 years later (The Economist 2014). Most economy-related rankings take the model of free, market-based competition as a reference point and then measure how closely specific countries approach this ideal. In addition to general assessments of the quality and competitiveness of economic systems, the evaluation of business environments has gained special attention as it is seen as a major precondition for investment and economic growth. Some rankings have a developmental background and focus on socio-economic conditions. Others look at specific aspects linked to the economy, like corruption or environmental problems. Taken together, these rankings broadly examine economic systems and economic developments among the world's countries. In their methodological approach, most rankings combine statistical data and expert assessments in order to construct an index. The index is divided into several subdivisions and, for each subdivision, suitable indicators are selected. For subdivisions, which cannot fully be measured using statistical data, expert assessments are added. In the extreme, the UNDP's Human Development Index relies solely on statistical data, while the World Bank's Worldwide Governance Indicators include only expert assessments. A special case is the World Bank's "Ease of Doing Business" ranking, which assesses the regulatory environment for the initiation and operation of a local firm (in terms of money, time and number of required administrative acts). In a similar methodological approach, the Open Budget Index offers a systematic quantitative assessment of the transparency of state budgets. It is important to note that many rankings change their results and methods retrospectively. The World Bank, for example, has changed the method of the Doing Business ranking in 2009, 2012 and again in 2014. In the following three years each ranking incorporated further changes. Each methodology expansion was recalculated for one year to provide comparable indicator values and scores for the previous year. Another important point, when working with the rankings, is that the year indicated in the ranking usually refers to the year of publication, not to the year which is being assessed. For example, the 2018 Doing Business Ranking refers to data as of June 2017.

Abstract.  Applying a cluster analysis to the results of the World Value Study, this article shows that the OECD nations have five distinct patterns of cultural characteristics. Moreover, these five cultural systems are almost the same as a classification of economic systems that have been derived from a cluster analysis of their economic institutions. A comparison of the cultural characteristics of East and West Germany suggests that the economic system has relatively little influence on the cultural systems. Instead, in a democracy, where the economic system is not imposed by force, the cultural characteristics are more likely to determine the economic system, rather than the reverse.

Sociology Reference Guide: Economic Principles & -- Systems -- Contents -- Introduction -- Economic Systems: Communism -- Economic Systems: Socialism -- Economic Systems: Capitalism -- Corporate Capitalism -- Corporate Social Responsibility -- The Rise of Multinational Corporations -- The Global Economy -- Informal Economy -- The Industrial Revolution -- The Technological Revolution -- Work in the Post Industrial World -- Labor Theory: Division of Labor -- Taylorism, Fordism, & -- Post-Fordism -- Labor Unions -- Social Issues: Income Inequality -- Economic Sectors.

The network perspective and the concept of productive system -- Data characteristics and methods explanation -- Regional productive structures and production systems -- Regional productive systems and development processes.