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Résumé Paris est une ville riche, que l'on imagine aisément uniformément gentrifiée. Elle comporte pourtant des « îlots » de pauvreté, dont les squats. En dépit de leur caractère insécurisant, ces bâtiments ont une fonction d'accueil : ils sont des points d'entrée dans la ville pour des personnes « en transition ». Le devenir des squats est cependant étroitement lié à l'action institutionnelle, qui oscille entre tolérance et sévérité. Dans ces arbitrages, les institutions locales sont guidées par un double impératif : résorber les poches insalubres de la ville et reloger les plus fragiles, mais aussi ne pas altérer l'image de la Ville lumière et sauvegarder sa dimension muséale.

International audience ; The Environment Round Table of the French government ("Grenelle de l'environnement") has focused efforts on the development of alternatives to road transport. A conclusion from these studies has been that railway usage is expected to increase in the future. Departmental noise transport committees were set up in 2001 in order to take an inventory of noise sensitive receivers and to look at technical solutions which could be implemented. A project had been undertaken which studied the insulation offered by existing dwelling facades at 800 properties subject to railway noise. In order to quantify the sound insulation performance, measurements of facade insulation have been carried out and compared to the day and night-time performance targets detailed by the policy document "Circulaire 25 Mai 2004". Where necessary, the sound insulation and the ventilation performance of the facades have been improved to meet the requirement of the aforementioned regulations.

The climate and energy package is a set of binding legislations which aims to ensure the European Union meets its ambitious climate and energy targets for 2020. These targets, known as the "20-20-20" targets, have set three key objectives: a 20% reduction in the EU greenhouse gas emissions, a 20% rise in the share of EU energy consumption produced from renewable resources and a 20% improvement in the energy efficiency. More renewable energies will enable the EU to lower greenhouse emissions and make it less dependent on imported energy. Boosting the industry of renewables will encourage technological innovation and employment in Europe. On this topic, photovoltaic façades are known to be a solution that allows both energy efficiency and environmental performance of buildings. This paper reports on a study of façade systems that have incorporated photovoltaic panels, considering computational simulations for Portugal. The main objective is to analyze the characteristics and parameters that define more efficient systems based on computer simulations carried out by Solterm 5.0. The results show the high potential of the use of the proposed technology in Portugal, especially in the Southern region, because of its latitude. Regarding energy efficiency and environmental performance, inclined polycrystalline silicon solar panels achieved the best results and the most efficient panel was Kyocera KC167G-2, followed by BP 3160. The comparison between simulation results and results provided in the literature shows that the use of computer programs is viable to the analysis of the energy efficiency of photovoltaic systems in ...

The team researchers have been investigating on alternative ways for buildings to waste less energy. The result is the consecution of a new facade system with Peltier cells, that is to say, a new system of air conditioning that works both as a machine as a facade. That means the application in the field of construction of a technology that is already in use in other areas, fundamentally the military and aerospace. The new system has to be a prefabricated element that perfectly fix between the slabs. The result of all these ideas is the construction of a prefabricated module, consisting of a simplified inhabited housing unit with a thermoelectric installation that provides service to this module. The prototype has been monitored during one year. The University of Navarra has got the national patent for a "prefabricated and decentralized facade module for the climate control of inhabited spaces". Moreover, the Thermoelectric Conditioning System (TCS) is designed to reach a high comfort level for people living in the local. Without mechanical parts like pumps or compressors, there is no necessity for maintenance, reducing the possibilities of failure. The only mechanical elements are the dissipation heat fans placed in the external face of the prototype. There are also some heat sinks to evacuate the heat from the power elements. The next step is improving the system as a facade, paying special attention to carry out the legal façade envelope's requirements, such us, noise level, thermal transmittance, hydrothermal condition or behavior against fire. At the same time, it is going to be design a facade solution that tries to take advantage of inside and outside conditions in order to achieve the desire inside comfort conditions. Furthermore, the module is going to integrate photovoltaic panels to achieve a total autonomy system, which does not need to be connected to the traditional electrical network.