Suchergebnisse

У статті досліджено основні теоретико-методологічні підходи до вивчення націоналізації партійної системи з виділенням чинників, що впливають на її рівень. Проведено вивчення підходів науковців до визначення факторів впливу на партійну систему в країнах пострадянського простору. Здійснено систематизацію факторів, що впливали на стан націоналізації партійної системи України в період 1994–2015 рр. ; The article deals with the main theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of the nationalization of the party system with the allocation of factors influencing its level. It is determined that among these factors, scientists define: centralization, federalism, decentralization (political factors of the state system); presidentialism (political factor); ethnic factors (religious, national); social factors (class (for countries in which there are castes, classes); electoral rules that determine the nature of the electoral system. An analysis of the approaches of scientists to determine the factors influencing the party system in the post-Soviet countries was carried out. It was found that in the scientific circles, in the countries of the former USSR, in the scientific circles, the majority of the political groups (political regime characterized by transition characteristics from the authoritarian to the hybrid, the electoral system, the form of power, the state system), territorial and ethnic factors are distinguished in the countries of the former USSR. An attempt has been made to systematize the factors influencing the state of the three components of the nationalization of the party system of Ukraine (nationalization of political parties by the districts of territorial units of the higher level (oblast, Kyiv, Sevastopol, the Autonomous Republic of Crimea), the nationalization of political parties by the results of parliamentary elections in territorial units of the higher level (oblast, Kyiv, Sevastopol, Autonomous Republic of Crimea), nationalization of political parties by results of elections to local self-government bodies). Among such factors is a group of administrative-territorial, political and military, ethnic factors. The analysis of the influence of factors on the nationalization of the party system of Ukraine for the period of 1994–2015 was carried out.

У статті досліджено основні теоретико-методологічні підходи до вивчення націоналізації партійної системи з виділенням чинників, що впливають на її рівень. Проведено вивчення підходів науковців до визначення факторів впливу на партійну систему в країнах пострадянського простору. Здійснено систематизацію факторів, що впливали на стан націоналізації партійної системи України в період 1994–2015 рр. ; The article deals with the main theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of the nationalization of the party system with the allocation of factors influencing its level. It is determined that among these factors, scientists define: centralization, federalism, decentralization (political factors of the state system); presidentialism (political factor); ethnic factors (religious, national); social factors (class (for countries in which there are castes, classes); electoral rules that determine the nature of the electoral system. An analysis of the approaches of scientists to determine the factors influencing the party system in the post-Soviet countries was carried out. It was found that in the scientific circles, in the countries of the former USSR, in the scientific circles, the majority of the political groups (political regime characterized by transition characteristics from the authoritarian to the hybrid, the electoral system, the form of power, the state system), territorial and ethnic factors are distinguished in the countries of the former USSR. An attempt has been made to systematize the factors influencing the state of the three components of the nationalization of the party system of Ukraine (nationalization of political parties by the districts of territorial units of the higher level (oblast, Kyiv, Sevastopol, the Autonomous Republic of Crimea), the nationalization of political parties by the results of parliamentary elections in territorial units of the higher level (oblast, Kyiv, Sevastopol, Autonomous Republic of Crimea), nationalization of political parties by results of elections to local self-government bodies). Among such factors is a group of administrative-territorial, political and military, ethnic factors. The analysis of the influence of factors on the nationalization of the party system of Ukraine for the period of 1994–2015 was carried out.

Jurisdiction — Territorial Limits of — Nationalization of Company Incorporated Abroad — Whether "Successor" of Nationalized Company Entitled to Institute Proceedings for Recovery of Debt in Country of Forum — Rights of Former Shareholders of Nationalized Company When Resident in Country of Forum — The Law of Austria.Recognition of Acts of Foreign States — Foreign Legislation Nationalizing Company Incorporated Abroad — Nationalized Company as Mortgage Creditor — Whether "Successor Company" Entitled to Institute Proceedings for Recovery of Mortgage Debt in Country of Forum — Rights of Former Shareholders of Nationalized Company When Resident in Country of Forum — The Law of Austria.

FOR OVER THIRTY YEARS POLITICAL SCIENTISTS HAVE SOUGHT TO ASSESS DIFFERENCES AMONG THE AMERICAN STATES THROUGH COMPARATIVE STUDY. THE RESEARCH LITERATURE IS VAST AND DIVERSE (FENTON AND CHAMBERLAYNE 1969; HOFFERBERT 1972; JONES 1973; SAVAGE 1980). AN ASSUMPTION UNDERLYING THE ENTIRE ENTERPRISE IS THAT EMPIRICAL STUDY OF HOW THE STATES DIFFER CAN CONTRIBUTE TO AN UNDERSTANDING OF WHY THEY DIFFER. JEWELL (1982) HAS RECENTLY CALLED FOR EVEN MORE COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE STATES. HE SPECULATED THAT MAJOR CHANGES IN THE LAST TWO DECADES MAY MAKE THE KNOWLEDGE ACCUMMULATED FROM EARLIER STUDIES OBSOLETE. EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE OF THIS PHENOMENON HAS ALREADY BEGUN TO APPEAR IN PRINT (TUCKER 1982A, 1982B; ROBEY AND JENKINS 1982) A NUMBER OF STUDIES PUBLISHED IN THE MID-1960S AND EARLY 1970S FOUND THAT THE STATES ARE BECOMING MORE ALIKE IN THEIR SOCIOECONOMIC AND POLITICAL ATTRIBUTES, AND IN THEIR POLICIES (HOFFERBERT 1966; SHARKANSKY 1970, 1971). KEMP (1978) HAS ARGUED THAT THE PHENOMENON OF INCREASING HOMOGENEITY HAS SLOWED OR CEASED FOR SOME POLICIES. THIS NOTE SEEKS TO BUILD UPON PAST RESEARCH IN TWO WAYS. FIRST, THE RESEARCH WILL BE UPDATED AND EXPANDED. DATA ON SOCIOECONOMIC AND POLITICAL ATTRIBUTES OF STATES FROM THE 1970S AND 1980S WILL BE EXAMINED TO DETERMINE WHETHER TRENDS DOCUMENTED FOR THE PAST CONTINUE. SECOND, AN ATTEMPT WILL BE MADE TO ASSESS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFERENCES WHICH REMAIN AMONG THE STATES.

Stem cell research and synthetic biology offer complementary insights on the nature of scientific governance in China. Stem cells were essentially promoted by top-down semi-governmental initiatives. Yet it was through a process of 'de-nationalization' (in which a diversity of cross-border communications initiated by scientists effaced the dominance of a singular national voice) that China's stem cell research gained global recognition. Meanwhile, the emergence of synthetic biology has shown a reverse pathway. While many 'Chinese' synthetic biology projects are primarily associated with international programs, this 'de-nationalized' start did not lead to an abandonment of a national agenda. Rather, synthetic biology in China has been transformed into a grassroots proposition of a 'Big Question' approach, which in effect creates a 're-nationalization' by bringing synergy among domestic experts. Chinese stakeholders' experience seems to indicate that scientific development is steered by a (cosmopolitan) practicality, which has lead to a bottom-up instrumentalization of the nation-state. ; La recherche sur les cellules souche et en biologie synthétique offre des perspectives complémentaires sur la nature de la politique scientifique en Chine. Les cellules souche ont été essentiellement promues par des initiatives semi-gouvernementales du haut vers le bas. Cependant, c'est à travers un processus de " dénationalisation " (dans laquelle des communications transfrontières diverses initiées par des scientifiques effacent la domination d'une voix nationale unique) que la recherche chinoise sur les cellules souche a obtenu une reconnaissance globale. Simultanément, l'émergence de la biologie synthétique a montré une trajectoire inverse. Alors que de nombreux projets " chinois " en biologie synthétique sont associés au premier chef à des programmes internationaux, cette première étape " dénationalisée " n'a pas mené à un abandon de l'agenda national. Au contraire, la biologie synthétique en Chine a été transformée en une ...

Stem cell research and synthetic biology offer complementary insights on the nature of scientific governance in China. Stem cells were essentially promoted by top-down semi-governmental initiatives. Yet it was through a process of 'de-nationalization' (in which a diversity of cross-border communications initiated by scientists effaced the dominance of a singular national voice) that China's stem cell research gained global recognition. Meanwhile, the emergence of synthetic biology has shown a reverse pathway. While many 'Chinese' synthetic biology projects are primarily associated with international programs, this 'de-nationalized' start did not lead to an abandonment of a national agenda. Rather, synthetic biology in China has been transformed into a grassroots proposition of a 'Big Question' approach, which in effect creates a 're-nationalization' by bringing synergy among domestic experts. Chinese stakeholders' experience seems to indicate that scientific development is steered by a (cosmopolitan) practicality, which has lead to a bottom-up instrumentalization of the nation-state. ; La recherche sur les cellules souche et en biologie synthétique offre des perspectives complémentaires sur la nature de la politique scientifique en Chine. Les cellules souche ont été essentiellement promues par des initiatives semi-gouvernementales du haut vers le bas. Cependant, c'est à travers un processus de " dénationalisation " (dans laquelle des communications transfrontières diverses initiées par des scientifiques effacent la domination d'une voix nationale unique) que la recherche chinoise sur les cellules souche a obtenu une reconnaissance globale. Simultanément, l'émergence de la biologie synthétique a montré une trajectoire inverse. Alors que de nombreux projets " chinois " en biologie synthétique sont associés au premier chef à des programmes internationaux, cette première étape " dénationalisée " n'a pas mené à un abandon de l'agenda national. Au contraire, la biologie synthétique en Chine a été transformée en une ...

Stem cell research and synthetic biology offer complementary insights on the nature of scientific governance in China. Stem cells were essentially promoted by top-down semi-governmental initiatives. Yet it was through a process of 'de-nationalization' (in which a diversity of cross-border communications initiated by scientists effaced the dominance of a singular national voice) that China's stem cell research gained global recognition. Meanwhile, the emergence of synthetic biology has shown a reverse pathway. While many 'Chinese' synthetic biology projects are primarily associated with international programs, this 'de-nationalized' start did not lead to an abandonment of a national agenda. Rather, synthetic biology in China has been transformed into a grassroots proposition of a 'Big Question' approach, which in effect creates a 're-nationalization' by bringing synergy among domestic experts. Chinese stakeholders' experience seems to indicate that scientific development is steered by a (cosmopolitan) practicality, which has lead to a bottom-up instrumentalization of the nation-state. ; La recherche sur les cellules souche et en biologie synthétique offre des perspectives complémentaires sur la nature de la politique scientifique en Chine. Les cellules souche ont été essentiellement promues par des initiatives semi-gouvernementales du haut vers le bas. Cependant, c'est à travers un processus de " dénationalisation " (dans laquelle des communications transfrontières diverses initiées par des scientifiques effacent la domination d'une voix nationale unique) que la recherche chinoise sur les cellules souche a obtenu une reconnaissance globale. Simultanément, l'émergence de la biologie synthétique a montré une trajectoire inverse. Alors que de nombreux projets " chinois " en biologie synthétique sont associés au premier chef à des programmes internationaux, cette première étape " dénationalisée " n'a pas mené à un abandon de l'agenda national. Au contraire, la biologie synthétique en Chine a été transformée en une ...

This paper examines the nationalization of electoral change in multiparty settings. We present a method to measure the relative magnitude of national and sub-national shifts in electoral support across parties and elections that is appropriate for the compositional structure of multiparty electoral data. We apply this new method to the analysis of legislative elections in six Latin American countries and the United States. Our findings indicate the widespread influence of local (i.e., state-specific) factors in electoral change, but highlight the drastic impact that intermittent nationalized shifts have on partisan support. [Copyright 2008 Elsevier Ltd.]

AbstractObjectiveScholars have demonstrated that the U.S. presidential vote is increasingly correlated with voting patterns in House, Senate, gubernatorial, state legislative, and state judicial elections, a phenomenon called nationalization. In this article, I examine the relationship between vote share in presidential and school superintendent elections.MethodsI conduct correlation and regression analyses using an original data set containing county‐level election results from 2000 to 2021 for all states that hold statewide school superintendent elections.ResultsI find that there is a statistically significant relationship between presidential and superintendent voting in both partisan and nonpartisan elections even after accounting for incumbency, although the relationship is appreciably stronger in states that hold partisan school superintendent elections. In addition, there has been an uptick in the strength of the relationship between presidential and state superintendent vote patterns over time in both partisan and nonpartisan states, although the increase is more pronounced in nonpartisan states.ConclusionsThe results indicate that even some of the most low‐salience, down‐ballot elections have nationalized.