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On October 23, 1951, it was announced that, following informal discussions regarding the North Pacific Fisheries, Canada, Japan and the United States had agreed to participate in negotiations for a North Pacific fisheries convention. The conference was held at Tokyo from November 4 to December 14, 1951. All three countries had expressed desires to conclude a fisheries convention: the United States, to safeguard its major conservation programs in the North Pacific, to provide the facilities for cooperative research and management of joint fisheries not yet covered by treaties, and to avoid friction between United States fishermen and those of other countries which threatened to increase with the expansion of Japanese fishing operations; Canada, to safeguard its conservation programs without complicating or restricting its participation in the exploitation of stocks of fish along the adjacent coasts of the United States or complicating its past fishery relations with the United States; Japan, to satisfy the terms of article 9 of the Treaty of Peace, to show its willingness to cooperate with other countries in fishery conservative programs, and to reiterate its claim to the right of Japanese fishermen to exploit stocks of fish anywhere on the high seas. The delegations, which were composed of representatives of industry in each of the three states as well as governmental representatives, spent most of the first week in explaining and answering questions with respect to certain conservation proposals which the United States had offered as a basis for the talks. The conference then turned to a consideration of the Japanese counterproposals and, on December 14, representatives of the three countries signed a document entitled "Resolutions and Request of the Tripartite Fisheries Conference" which expressed their mutual concern in the development and proper utilization of fish stocks in the North Pacific, recommended the adoption of a convention conforming to the draft agreed to by the conference, and recommended that, in negotiating with other governments in respect to problems similar to those covered by the convention, the contracting parties should give full consideration to the spirit and intent of the convention.

189International Court of Justice — Jurisdiction — Optional Clause — Statute of the Court, Article 36(2) — Declaration accepting jurisdiction of the Court — Reservations — Right of State making declaration to define scope of acceptance of jurisdiction — Whether reservations to be construed restrictively — Distinction between substantive law and rules governing jurisdiction of the Court — Principles to be applied in interpretation of declaration and reservations — Intention of State making declaration — Principle of good faithInternational Court of Justice — Procedure — Preliminary objections — Whether objection possessing an exclusively preliminary character — Duty of the Court in dealing with preliminary objectionsSea — High seas — Jurisdiction — Fisheries — Conservation measures — Arrest of Spanish vessel by Canada outside Canadian waters — Legality — Whether dispute falling within jurisdiction of International Court of JusticeEnvironment — Maritime environment — Fisheries conservation — Limit of conservation measures — Compatibility with regime of the high seas

In early 1996, the FSM (Federated States of Micronesia) Department of Resources and Development requested Asian Development Bank (ADB) technical assistance to "determinate the biological, geographic, economic, social, and political facts surrounding FSM's fisheries sector, and develop and write up a fisheries policy for the country in report form". ADB provided a consulting team during the summer months of 1996. This team submitted a draft-discussion paper in September 1996. ADB contracted the authors of this article to design and run a FSM Fisheries Summit in a participatory manner. The authors report on what happened at this summit. (DÜI-Sen)

International law in general — Nature and binding force — Concept of equity — Whether a matter of abstract justice or of a rule of law requiring application of equitable principles — Nature of duty to negotiate towards equitable settlementState territory — Parts of State territory — Territorial waters Breadth and delimitation of the maritime belt — Whether determined by international law — Fishing limits — Whether international law restricts fishing limits to twelve miles from coastState territory — Parts of State territory — Territorial waters — Fisheries — Exclusive fishing zone — Whether extent prescribed by international law — Whether limited to twelve miles from coast — Preferential rights of coastal State beyond territorial watersState territory — Parts of State territory — Continental shelf Rights of State over waters above its continental shelf — Fisheries — Development of concept of sovereignty over continental shelf — Effect on changing law of the seaState territory — Parts of State territory — State servitudes ' Fishing rights in high seas — Preferential rights of coastal State in adjacent waters — Historic rights of other StatesJurisdiction — High seas — Conception of the high seas and freedom of the sea — Theory of absolute freedom of the high seas — Qualifications thereof — Fisheries — Duty to have regard for interests of oilier States — Preferential rights of coastal State in adjacent waters — Historic rights of other StatesState responsibility — Damages — Award of damages in general — Jurisdiction of International Court of Justice to award damages — Applicant seeking declaration that State's acts illegal and that general obligation to compensate exists — No evidence of details of damage — Whether requested declaration too abstractTreaties — Conclusion and operation of treaties — Conditions of validity — Effect of duress — Exchange of Notes 1961 between Federal Republic of Germany and IcelandTreaties — Termination — By operation of law — Fundamental change of circumstances — Relevance of change of circumstances to treaty — Failure of consideration — Exchange of Notes 1961 between Federal Republic of Germany and IcelandTreaties — Termination — By act of party — Unilateral denunciation — Circumstances in which State entitled to denounce treaty — Exchange of Notes 1961 between Federal Republic of Germany and IcelandDisputes — International Court of Justice — Organization of the Court — Appointment of judge ad hoc — Common interest between two States bringing parallel proceedings — Justification for refusal to appoint a judge ad hocDisputes — International Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — Competence — Access to the Court — Applicant State becoming a party to the Statute of the Court after crystallization of disputeDisputes — International Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — Competence — Interim measures of protectionDisputes — International Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — Competence — Jurisdiction under treaty — Exchange of Notes 1961 between Federal Republic of Germany and Iceland — Refusal of State to appear — Whether affecting jurisdiction of the CourtDisputes — International Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — Competence — Request for declaration that State under an obligation to compensate applicant for damage caused by allegedly unlawful acts — Whether requested declaration too abstract Request contained in Memorial on merits but not in application Whether a permissible amendmentDisputes — International Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — Procedure — Effect of refusal of State to appearDisputes — International Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — The law applicable — Rule of law requiring application of equitable principles — Competence of Court to indicate equitable principles as guide to negotiationDisputes — Negotiation — Relationship between negotiation and judicial settlement — International Court of JusticeJurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Over fisheries — Extent of — Whether limited to twelve miles — Whether extension to fifty miles permissible — Icelandic claim — Whether opposable to Federal Republic of Germany — Adjacent waters — Rights of the coastal State — Exceptional dependence upon fisheries — Conservation — Preferential rights of coastal State — Historic rights of other States — Duty of States to negotiate equitable balance between rights — Exchange of Notes 1961 between Federal Republic of Germany and IcelandInternational law in general — Nature and binding force — Concept of equity — Equity and law — Sources of international law — Custom — Conditions for existence of rule of custom — The law of the seaTreaties — Conclusion — Conditions of validity — Duress — Termination — By operation of law — Fundamental change of circumstances — Failure of consideration — Termination by act of party — Unilateral denunciation — Exchange of Notes, 1961, between Federal Republic of Germany and IcelandDisputes — International Court of Justice — Jurisdiction — Treaty conferring jurisdiction denounced by one party — Procedure — Interim measures of protection — Nature of a dispute — Relationship between judicial process and negotiation — Declaration of obligation to make compensation

This important title provides a vehicle for fisheries professionals to keep abreast of recent and future developments in the application of components to specific disciplines within fisheries research. The editors have brought together an impressive and knowledgeable list of international contributors providing a title of great value