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Vom Census and Statistics Department herausgegebene Studie, die die letzten Berechnungen des Bruttosozialproduktes sowie zahlreiche Wirtschaftsdaten zur wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung in Hongkong von 1963-1983 in Tabellenform enthält. (DÜI-Xyl)

The relationship between energy consumption and economic
growth received a significant amount of attention in energy economics
literature [Al-Iraiani (2006)]. Rufael (2006) stated that different
energy sources are a necessary requirement for economic and social
development and no country in the world has progressed from subsistence
economy without the use of energy. In this regard, four views have
emerged over time about the relationship between energy consumption and
output growth. One point of view is that energy is the prime source of
value and other factors like labor and capital cannot do without energy.
Many studies argue that the impact of energy use on growth depends on
the structure of the economy and the stage of economic growth of the
country concerned [Ghali and Sakka (2004)]. The bulk of the literature
reports a uni-directional causality from energy consumption to economic
growth. When the causality runs from energy consumption to economic
growth, it is also called 'growth hypothesis'. Table 1 provides a list
of the studies, which show such results. It implies that an increase in
energy consumption has a significant impact on economic growth and if it
is positive, then energy conservation policies have a detrimental impact
on economic growth. Alternatively, if an increase in energy consumption
has significant negative impact on GDP, it implies that growing economy
needs a less amount of energy consumption, may be due to shift towards
less energy intensive sectors [Payne (2010)]. Second point of view is
that economic growth has a positive influence on energy consumption.
There may be uni–directional causality from economic growth to energy
consumption. Table 1 displays a list of studies showing such results.
When the causality runs from economic growth to energy consumption, it
is often referred to as 'conservation hypothesis'. It implies that
energy conservation policies formulated to reduce energy consumption may
not adversely affect economic growth. Third point of view is that the
cost of energy use is very small compared to GDP and consequently its
impact on economic growth is nonsignificant. There may be no causality
between energy consumption and GDP; it is often referred to as
'neutrality hypothesis".

The goal of this paper is to analyze the impact of international student enrollments on the US real gross domestic product. It is hypothesized that an increase in international student enrollment tends to have a positive impact on US real gross domestic product. It is also hypothesized that an increase in economic impact of international students has a positive impact on the US real gross domestic product. A regression model is formulated that consists of percentage increase in real gross domestic product (economic growth rate) as the dependent variable. The independent variables used in the regression model are annual percentage increase in international student enrollments in the US and the annual percentage increase in economic impact of the international students in the US. Data is collected from 2009 to 2015 from the Bureau of Economic Analysis and NAFSA. It is important to analyze the rationale as to why highly skilled immigration is vital for promotion of entrepreneurship and innovation in the US economy. The current administration is trying to undermine the positive impact of highly skilled immigration on the US economy. The issue is critically important in the prevailing political climate in the US economy. An attempt is also made to formulate strategies that would help in mitigating negative outcomes such as potential declines in revenues for US universities as well as decline in research and grant funding that would arise due to decrease in international student enrolments.

The article is devoted to the most pressing issues of social development at the modern stage. Is considered social activities of states, which was formed into an autonomous system of government functions. It is noted that in the structure of spending priorities shift toward funding of national defense, social policy and the national economy, while funding for health and education slows down. This paper examines the impact of expenses of the Consolidated budget of the Russian Federation in the gross domestic product.

This study analyzes the evolution and trends of the share of remittances in gross domestic product (GDP) and the influence of migration on remittances in Romania. The analysis on data from Eurostat over 2008&ndash ; 2017 has three components: a statistical analysis, an estimation of evolution of indicators, and an estimation of impact of migration on remittances, using polynomial-time regression and difference equation models, respectively. The results showed that GDP and GDP/capita had a permanent increase, meaning an improvement in the standard of living in Romania, while the other indicators had an evolution with a period of sharp decline triggered by the global crisis, followed by a slow growth. We may conclude that the remittances represented and still represent a relatively stable financial resource for Romania as for the other emerging countries in Europe, affecting in a positive way the standard of living of the citizens, although their value has a tendency to decrease. At the same time, the negative effects of remittances, dependence on money received from migrants and the exodus of &ldquo ; brains&rdquo ; and skilled workers, must be considered, implying the necessity of government policies for a better use of remittances, i.e., mainly for investments and less for consumption.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is broken. Still, we shouldn't scrap GDP and start over. Up to a point, GDP does tell us important facts about people's lives, livelihoods and aspirations. Living on a dollar a day is miserable no matter how you look at it. Choking on economic growth, of course, is equally bad. There are a few simple, well-established steps we ought to take to bring GDP closer to where we should be. That, by the way, isn't "Green GDP" or "green accounting." It's honest accounting.

This paper examines the impact of inflation and other macroeconomic variables such as physical capital, government expenditure, and money supply on GDP growth in Ghana. The study obtained data from the World Development Indicators for the period 1986-2018 and employed vector autoregressive (VAR) models for the analysis. The results showed that general inflation, low inflation rates, physical capital, and money supply have positive, statistically, significant, effect on GDP growth, while, government expenditure and high inflation have negative, statistically significant, effect on GDP growth for the period studied. The study concludes that GDP grows positively at a general level of inflation and low rates of inflation but grows negatively at a high rate of inflation in Ghana. The study, therefore, recommends that government should implement monetary and fiscal policies that will help keep inflation rates low and redirect her spending to the productive sectors in the country to enhance GDP growth.