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В статье рассмотрена история одного из этапов исследования греко-варварских памятников в послевоенный период (с конца 40-х до конца 50-х годов XX века). Установлено, что традиционно ведущей проблемой в изучении греческих и варварских памятников Западного Крыма являются греко-варварские взаимоотношения, поэтому, в отечественной историографии существует настоятельная необходимость дальнейшего изучения результатов исследований этого периода. Приведена характеристика и результаты исследования греко-варварских взаимоотношений в Западном Крыму в трудах ученых второй половины 40-х – 50-х гг. ХХ века: А.А. Иесена, В.Д. Блаватского, В.Ф. Гайдукевича, С.А. Капошина, Д.П. Каллистовой, П.М. Шульца, Н.В. Пятышевой, С.Ф. Стржелецкого, М.А. Наливкиной и др. This paper deals with the history of one of the research stages of the Greek and barbarian monuments in the postwar period (late 1940s – late 1950s). It is found that traditionally the relations between the Greek and barbarians were the key problem in the research of Greek and barbarian monuments in the West Crimea; therefore, this problem requires careful study of findings of that period. The paper also gives a description and results of a research into the relations between the Greek and barbarians in the West Crimea from the works published in 1940s-1950s by A.A. Iesen, V.D. Blavatskiy, V.F. Gaydukevitch, S.A. Kaposhina, D.P. Kallistov, P.N. Shults, N.V. Pyatisheva, S.F. Strezheletskiy, M.A. Nalivkina and others. ; Novikova O. V. Soviet historiography of 1945–1960 on relations between the Greeks and the barbarians of the Western Crimea in the pre- roman epoch / Novikova O. V. // The Black Sea region. History, politics, culture. – No XXII(VII). Series A: Antiquity and the Middle Ages. – Sevastopol: Sevastopol Branch of Lomonosov Moscow State University, 2017. – P. 45–51.

Reprinted from the Edinburgh and Quarterly reviews, the Nineteenth century and after, and the Spectator. ; --"The Edinburgh review": I. The government of subject races. II. Translation and paraphrase.--"The Quarterly review": III. Sir Alfred Lyall.--"The Nineteenth century and after": IV. Army reform. V. The international aspects of free trade. VI. China. VII. The capitulations in Egypt.--"The Spectator": VIII. Disraeli. IX. Russian romance. X. Thwriting of history. XI. The Greek anthology. XII. Lord Milner and party. XIII. The French in Algeria. XIV. The Ottoman empire. XV. Wellingtoniana. XVI. Burma. XVII. A pseudo-hero of the revolution [Tallien] XVIII. The future of the classics. XIX. An Indian idealist [M.C. Mallik] XX. The fiscal question in India. XXI. Rome amd municipal government. XXII. A royal philosopher [Antigonos Gonatus] XXIII. Ancient art and ritual. XXIV. Potuguese slavery. XXV. England and Islam. XXVI. Some Indian problems. XXVII. The Napoleon of Taine. XXVIII. Songs, patriotic and national. XXIX. Songs, naval and military.--Index. ; Mode of access: Internet.

The author describes the origin of politics in ancient polis. The archaic polis was originally a settlement ruled by aristocracy, a social & religious center of a small agrarian society. Intensive trade, wars, & colonization brought about the crisis of the aristocratic polis between the 8th & 6th ct. BC: The relations between the aristocracy & the peasantry were spoiled, tyrannies came into being, citizens revolted. In the 6th century BC, the crisis was resolved through the establishment of the civic polis in which politics became an autonomous sphere of human activity in which all citizens had a say in the running of polis. The social basis of politics was the emergence of a relatively homogeneous citizenry (demos), in which the old aristocracy was mixed with smaller farmers, craftsmen, & traders. The creators of the politics were wise individuals (sophoi) who, like Solon, embody the new virtue (arete), ie, the ability to go beyond the ephemeral human thinking (doxa), which aims at maximizing fortune & glory, & to establish order (eunomia) in polis. Thanks to the classical Greek philosophy, the epoch-making invention of politics became the paradigm of humanity & one of the foundations of western civilization. Adapted from the source document.

Greek cities are a seminal part of the Mediterranean urbanization thesis. Corresponding features include the comparatively belated occurrence of urban in-migration, the particularity of the urban pull factors, and the unplanned nature of urban expansion. The considerable and extensive urbanisation wave note in Greece in the post-war period was part of a wider transformative process, characterized by the shifting economic orientation from a prevailing agrarian sector towards urban-industrial economies. The limited manifestation of internal economies of scale in industrial firms, and the few signs of economies of localisation affecting the spatial pattern of industrial development point to the weight of urbanisation as the major factor in industrialisation. In order to maintain and enhance the urbanization/industrialization process, the authoritarian national leadership of the time eased off regulatory planning controls, tacitly facilitating the rapid yet unordered expansion of cities. The conceptualization of the ensuing urban sprawl as an unsustainable trend occurred decades later, following the country?s return to democracy (1974). The path dependent qualities of urban growth management, however, mitigated the effectiveness of the respective efforts. This paper explores the sprawling tendencies of Greek cities, commenting on the limited ability of the regulatory planning framework to influence and direct urban expansion. The Athenian municipality of Maroussi is used as a case in point. Maroussi was a rural area of the Athenian hinterland, turned gradually into the city?s major economic centre. Fieldwork research in Maroussi underscores the informal qualities of Greek suburbanization. The paper is organized in three. The first part discusses the growth of Greek cities in the post-war years, portraying the popular colonization of peri-urban land. The second part outlines the policy changes introduced since the early 1980s, part of an attempt to delineate urban growth. Key amongst them, the launch of a series of state spatial restructuring reforms, aiming to equip local authorities with the necessary means to control urban sprawl. The third part of the paper looks closely at Maroussi, mapping the process and discussing the consequences of an urban expansion mode based on unhindered market forces and unregulated private initiative.

This book presents a theoretically informed, up-to-date study of interactions between indigenous peoples of Mediterranean France and Etruscan, Greek, and Roman colonists during the first millennium BC. Analyzing archaeological data and ancient texts, Michael Dietler explores these colonial encounters over six centuries, focusing on material culture, urban landscapes, economic practices, and forms of violence. He shows how selective consumption linked native societies and colonists and created transformative relationships for each. Archaeologies of Colonialism also examines the role these ancie

Traditional West African organizations, called Asafo, bear a striking resemblance to Black Greek-letter organizations. The common bonds that link the Asafo companies of Ghana with the Black Greek-letter organizations of the United States lie within their rites of passage, the guiding principles, philosophical views, and overall character inherent to these organizations. While slavery and colonization strained, it did not completely break the cultural bond between Africans in Africa and those who reside in the West (the United States). Moreover, wherever people of African descent may reside, their cultural practices have always remained an intricate part of their lives. This article seeks to analyze the presence of African culture found within the Black Greek-letter organization and determine how African Americans were able to materialize, communicate, and ultimately sustain these African identities under antagonistic social conditions.

La storia delle comunità indigene della Sicilia centro-occidentale è stata troppo spesso letta in un'ottica ellenocentrica, essenzialmente tesa a cogliere nelle trasformazioni che le interessarono gli effetti della colonizzazione e gli esiti di inevitabili processi acculturanti. Superare questa visione gerarchica e "colonialista" e privilegiare un approccio che tenga conto dei tipi e dei gradi di interazione e di scambio tra genti con modelli culturali, politici e sociali differenti è indispensabile per provare a restituire un'immagine storicamente più corretta del mondo indigeno e delle tante realtà territoriali che lo costituivano. In questa prospettiva, particolare attenzione è qui rivolta ai santuari che, a partire dall'VIII sec. a.C., sorsero sulle alture di alcuni centri indigeni. Essi, infatti, furono teatro non solo di esperienze religiose, ma anche di processi di costruzione identitaria e comunitaria da un alto e di mediazione e negoziazione culturale dall'altro. In particolare, in questo articolo, si fa riferimento al santuario di Polizzello, che consente, attraverso le fasi della sua vita e mediante la contemporanea coesistenza di diverse manifestazioni di culto, di cogliere la complessità e la dinamicità di tali processi.The history of the indigenous communities of western Sicily has too often been viewed in a hellenocentric perspective, which aimed at reading in their cultural transformations the effects of greek colonization and the result of unavoidable processes of acculturation. It is essential to overcome this "colonialist" view, in favour of an approach that takes into account of the types and the degrees of interaction and exchange between people with different cultural, political and social patterns, in order to give a more correct image of the indigenous world. In this perspective, in this paper, particular attention is paid to the indigenous sanctuaries that were built on the hills of some settlements since the VIII sec. BC. In fact, they were the "theatre" not only of religious experiences, but also of processes of making social identities on one hand and of cultural mediation and negotiation on the other. In particular, I examine the sanctuary of Polizzello, which allows us, through the stages of its life and the coexistence of different religious expressions, to grasp the complexity and the dynamism of these processes.

This essay explores Soyinka's social, political and cultural concerns taking as point of departure his exploration of the role of myth in Yoruba culture and its repercussions in contemporary Nigerian society. In his rewriting of Euripides' best known tragedy, Bacchae, Soyinka reflects on the impact of the colonial process and on the role of modernday dictatorship in many Third-World countries. Interestingly called The Bacchae of Euripides. A Communion Rite, Soyinka's play takes the effects of intertextuality to the extreme, not only by taking the Greek tragedy as hypotext, but by relating Euripides' subversive criticism of Greek imperialism to his own denunciation of colonization and tyranny. Because of its radical use of imagery —such as the fact that the blood which emanates from Pentheus' head at the end of the play becomes wine and everybody drinks from it—the play was not well received in London in the 1970s, but has been recognized as one of Soyinka's masterpieces after that. ; This essay explores Soyinka's social, political and cultural concerns taking as point of departure his exploration of the role of myth in Yoruba culture and its repercussions in contemporary Nigerian society. In his rewriting of Euripides' best known tragedy, Bacchae, Soyinka reflects on the impact of the colonial process and on the role of modernday dictatorship in many Third-World countries. Interestingly called The Bacchae of Euripides. A Communion Rite, Soyinka's play takes the effects of intertextuality to the extreme, not only by taking the Greek tragedy as hypotext, but by relating Euripides' subversive criticism of Greek imperialism to his own denunciation of colonization and tyranny. Because of its radical use of imagery —such as the fact that the blood which emanates from Pentheus' head at the end of the play becomes wine and everybody drinks from it—the play was not well received in London in the 1970s, but has been recognized as one of Soyinka's masterpieces after that.

International audience ; The nature of social, political, religious and cultural relationships that existed between a colony and its mother-city in the Ancient Greek world is one of the greatest issues of the History and Archaeology of Greek colonization. This paper tries to give new elements of answer to this question by analysing the necropolis and funerary practices of the Sicilian colony of Megara Hyblaea and that of its mother-city, Mégara Nisaea. Taking advantage of recent studies and new data, it discusses the validity of the conclusions drawn on this very subject by a first study published twenty years ago. The many similarities of the funerary practices of the two Megarian cities are underlined, whereas the specific evolutions of the funerary practices of the colony are replaced in the larger frame of a comparison with other Sicilian colonies, particularly the neighbouring colony of Syracuse. It shows that both the mother-city and the colonial environment are certainly at play in the formation of new funerary customs in Megara Hyblaea. The economic or/and ideological dimensions of these evolutions are finally discussed. ; La nature des relations qui existaient dans le monde grec antique entre une métropole et sa ou ses colonies est l'un des principaux débats de l'histoire et de l'archéologie de la colonisation grecque. Dans quelle mesure les colons reproduisaient-ils dans la colonie les pratiques et les coutumes de la métropole dont ils étaient originaires ? Entretenaient-ils des contacts privilégiés avec cette métropole, et sous quelle forme ces hypothétiques contacts peuvent-ils être identifiés ? Enfin, comment évoluaient les relations entre métropoles et colonies au fur et à mesure du passage des générations et de la naissance de nouveaux colons qui n'avaient pas connu directement la métropole et ses pratiques ? Jusqu'à très récemment encore, la réponse à ces questions a été fortement influencée par l'histoire et l'héritage de la colonisation contemporaine qui se voulait à la fois conquérante et humaniste. 2 La colonisation grecque a ainsi souvent été pensée en termes de domination, militaire d'abord-puisque les nouveaux arrivants s'étaient emparés des terres indigènes le plus souvent par la force-mais surtout culturelle : les Grecs, maîtres des sciences et de la pensée, auraient porté la Civilisation dans le monde des Barbares. À la fin du XIX e siècle, E. Freeman écrit ainsi explicitement, dans un des premiers travaux consacrés aux Grecs d'Occident : « The advance of the Greek over the Sikel was in every way the advance of the higher over the lower man » 3-une opinion qui resta ancrée dans les esprits jusqu'à la fin des années 1960, où J. Boardman décrit encore la Méditerranée de l'Ouest comme un endroit où les Grecs « had nothing to 1 On me pardonnera, je l'espère, cette formule qui fait référence au titre du colloque dans lequel s'insérait cette communication et qui gagne en efficacité ce qu'elle perd en précision : il va de soi que les façons de « mourir » à proprement parler devaient être assez semblables, dans leur diversité, dans l'ensemble du monde grec, et que ce nous abordons ici sera en réalité la façon de gérer la mort, afin d'envisager la possibilité de ses différentes évolutions entre métropole et colonie dans le monde grec archaïque.

Le recours à l'expression « diaspora » dans le cadre de certaines études récemment publiées en France et ailleurs constitue un essai évident d'éviter le terme « colonisation ». Si le mot colonisation n'est pas neutre, en raison de son historiographie récente, le mot diaspora est-il pertinent pour parler des établissements grecs antiques, notamment à l'époque archaïque ? Le problème lexical est bien évidemment un des axes majeurs de la recherche contemporaine et il conditionne en grande mesure l'appréciation que l'on peut se faire des différentes expériences de mobilité des contingents de populations grecques en Méditerranée. C'est pourquoi il nous a semblé opportun de démarrer par ces questions de vocabulaire.The use of the expression "diaspora" in the context of some recently published works in France and elsewhere constitutes an obvious attempt to avoid the term "colonization". If the word colonization is not a neutral one, due to its recent historiography, is that of "diaspora" suitable to refer to ancient Greek establishments, especially in the archaic period? The lexical problem is obviously one of the major issues of contemporary research and it determines, to a great extent, the appreciation one can have of the different types of mobility of Greek populations in the Mediterranean. That's why it appeared appropriate to start with those questions of vocabulary.

This helpful reference offers a timeline of ancient Greece's political and military history. This chronological history begins with the necessarily approximate course of events in Bronze and early Iron Age, as estimated by the most reliable scholarship and the legendary accounts of this period. From the Persian Wars onwards, a year-by-year chronology is constructed from the ancient historical sources-and where possible, a day-by-day narrative is given. The geographical scope expands as the horizons of the Greek world and colonization expanded, with reference to developments in politico-military events in the Middle Eastern (and later Italian) states that came into contact with Greek culture. From the expansion of the Greek world across the region under Alexander, the development of all the relevant Greek/Macedonian states is covered. The text is divided into events per geographical area for each date, cross-referencing where needed. Detailed accounts are provided for battles and political crises where the sources allow this-and where not much is known for certain, the different opinions of historians are referenced. The result is a coherent, accessible, and accurate reference to what happened and when

"Uncommon Dominion tells the story of Venetian Crete, the home of two recognizably distinct ethnic communities, the Latins and the Greeks. The Greeks were subordinate to the Latins economically, politically, and juridically, yet within a century of Venetian colonization, the ethnic differences between Latin and Greek creations in daily material life were significantly blurred." "Members of the groups intermarried, many of them learned each other's language, and some even chose to worship by the rites of the other's church. Holding up ample evidence of acculturation and miscegenation by the colony's inhabitants, McKee uncovers the colonial forces that promoted the persistence of ethnic labeling despite the lack of any clear demarcation between the two predominant communities. As McKee argues, the concept of ethnic identity was largely determined by gender, religion, and social status, especially by the Latin and Greek elite in their complex and frequently antagonistic social relationships." "Drawing expertly from notarial and court records, as well as legislative and literary sources, Uncommon Dominion offers a unique study of ethnicity in the medieval and early modern periods. Students and scholars in medieval, colonial, and postcolonial studies will find much of use in studying this remarkable colonial experiment."--BOOK JACKET

Although Europe has experienced unprecedented numbers of refugee arrivals in recent years, there exists almost no causal evidence regarding the impact of the refugee crisis on natives' attitudes, policy preferences, and political engagement. We exploit a natural experiment in the Aegean Sea, where Greek islands close to the Turkish coast experienced a sudden and massive increase in refugee arrivals, while similar islands slightly farther away did not. Leveraging a targeted survey of 2,070 island residents and distance to Turkey as an instrument, we find that direct exposure to refugee arrivals induces sizable and lasting increases in natives' hostility toward refugees, immigrants, and Muslim minorities; support for restrictive asylum and immigration policies; and political engagement to effect such exclusionary policies. Since refugees only passed through these islands, our findings challenge both standard economic and cultural explanations of anti-immigrant sentiment and show that mere exposure suffices in generating lasting increases in hostility.

Introduction : Definition and scope / Helen J. Nicholson -- Ideology and motivations in the first crusade / Jean Flori -- Crusading and canon law / James Muldoon -- Crusading warfare / John France -- The material culture of the crusades / Maria Georgopoulou -- Prosopography / Alan V. Murray -- Gender theory / Deborah Gerish -- Frontiers / Nora Berend -- Crusades and colonization in the Baltic / Sven Ekdahl -- National feeling and the legacy of the crusades / Jean Richard -- The crusaders' perceptions of their opponents / Margaret Jubb -- Byzantine and modern Greek perceptions of the crusades / Eleni Sakellariou -- Muslim reactions to the crusades / Helen J. Nicholson