Suchergebnisse

AbstractWe investigate household income/expenditure inequality using survey data for the United Kingdom from 1937 to 1961. Previous studies employed tax unit or wage rate data. Between 1937/8 and 1953/4, we find little change in inequality for incomes below the top 5 per cent or 10 per cent. This is consistent with the tax unit data. By 1961, inequality was notably higher than in 1953/4. Three trends might account for this: growth in the shares of non‐working and multiple‐worker households, and in the proportion of non‐manual jobs. Non‐manual jobs are diverse in skills and earnings. We find the upward impact on inequality of the rise of non‐working households is mostly offset by their being both smaller and poorer. Data limitations disallow evaluating the impacts of the other two trends, but they are consistent with steady postwar wage differentials observed by other studies.

The article focuses on the relationship between social and economic structure and household structure, on the one hand, and household structure and demographic behavior on the other. The analysis provides some insight into the factors that determined household structure and demographic behavior in the two nineteenth-century villages in the Loire district in France-one village agricultural and the other with a protoindustrial sector. Labor needs imposed on the household by the economy helped to determine the structure of that household, and, especially by way of nuptiality, such considerations could also affect reproduction. Nevertheless, it would be pressing the evidence much too far to suggest that only household structure determined demographic behavior.

Der vorliegende Aufsatz präsentiert die Ergebnisse einer multiplen Klassifikationsanalyse der Haushaltsstrukturen der österreichischen Stadt Graz im Jahre 1857. Hauptquelle der Untersuchung war die staatliche Volkszählung des gleichen Jahres. Die Analyse konzentriert sich auf fünf sozio-demographische Determinanten der Familien- und Haushaltsstruktur: geographische Herkunft, Geschlecht, Familienstand, berufliche Position und Position im Lebenszyklus. Die Analyse ergab, daß letztere Determinante im Hinblick auf die Haushaltsstruktur ausschlaggebend ist, während Beruf und Klassenzugehörigkeit unerwarteterweise weniger relevant bzw. nur für zwei der fünf gebildeten Haushaltstypen bedeutsam sind. Auch für die Formierung von großfamiliären Haushalten sind ökonomische Faktoren wie Familienarbeit oder Vermögenstransfer scheinbar von geringerer Bedeutung als erwartet. (SD)

The theoretical Northwest European family structure does not sufficiently represent the variation found among elderly people in rural Sweden during the decades leading up to the National Pension Act of 1913. These regional variations in family types are broadly contextualized using simple but effective measures, which include simple high/low clustered analysis of the percentage of individuals over sixty in farming households with no children or grandchildren. This study presents a significant relationship between elderly family structure, levels of participation in household retirement contracts, elderly receiving public assistance, and to economic and ecological factors that have been hypothesized in prior research.

The number of households of a small village in northeastern Japan increased 1.5-fold in the 110 yearsfrom 1760 to 1870. The mean household size also rose from about five to six persons during the same period. These developments were closely related to the socio-economic conditions of the village. The changes, however, did not occur in a homogeneous fashion across different socio-economic classes. There were clear differences in these trends, particularly between landed peasant and landless peasant households. This article also examines the changes in household structure, using the Hammel and Laslett's typology, and confirms the basic developmental cycle. There existed some notable differences between different socio-economic classes in terms of the types of household transition and also of the likelihood of the transition.