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Internalised misogyny is a form of internalised sexism that refers to devaluing women, distrusting women, and valuing men over women. It occurs when women adopt sexist messages heard throughout their lives and direct them towards other women. The aim of this research was to examine the role of individual characteristics and environmental influences in explaining internalised misogyny. 530 women between 18 and 90 participated in the study. The sample was representative of the population of adult women in Croatia. The results showed that internalised misogyny has a low positive correlation with age, right-wing political orientation, religiosity, discrimination in the family and experienced gender microaggressions, and a somewhat higher correlation with right-wing authoritarianism. Low negative correlations with education, self-esteem and level of mastery were also obtained. Contrary to expectations, the size of the settlement and conservatism were not related to internalised misogyny. In the regression model, right-wing political orientation, higher level of right-wing authoritarianism, lower self-esteem, lower level of mastery and more frequent experience of gender microaggressions were significant predictors of internalised misogyny. The relationship between experienced gender microaggressions and internalised misogyny did not depend on the level of self- -esteem.

"This chapter reviews research on the impact of political journalists' individual characteristics on their news making and coverage. From a theoretical perspective, the authors discuss the impact of individual characteristics vis-à-vis news organizations (newsroom control) and conditions of the media system, nation, and culture. From a methodological perspective, various approaches to empirically investigate individual influences are critically reflected. Moreover, the chapter identifies several conditions under which individual qualities and preferences may be more or less likely to play a part in news making and reviews existing empirical findings. For most non-professional individual characteristics, no significant impact could be shown by prior research. In contrast to that, there indeed is evidence that political attitudes and issue positions affect news decisions. However, the few relevant studies suffer from the fact that they typically do not consider the potential impact of newsroom control and the congruence or incongruence of individual attitudes and editorial lines. Against this backdrop, perspectives for future research are discussed in the final part of the chapter." (publisher's description)

Using the emotions module of the 1996 General Social Survey, we examine strategies that individuals use to express emotion. We focus on anger, one of the emotions most problematic or potentially disruptive to human interaction. Relying on insights from three theoretical approaches to emotion—the cultural perspective, the structural perspective, and affect control theory—we explore not only whether the expression of anger is affected by the social domain in which anger occurs (home or work) and the status difference between the individual experiencing anger and the actor triggering the emotion, but also the degree to which these effects are independent of individual characteristics such as gender, race, and education. Analyses indicate that social domain and status differences are such powerful predictors of emotional expression that they eclipse the influence of other individual characteristics, most notably the gender of both the individual and the target of the anger. Moreover, the status mechanism governing emotional expression does not vary across work and family settings. This study supplements previous research by disentangling the relative effects of domain, relative status, and individual characteristics. It also suggests that a more complementary approach, which integrates different theoretical paradigms, may be necessary for a fuller appreciation of the social constraints governing emotional expression.

SummaryThe life course perspective in social inequalities in health research has resulted in an increased interest in status attainment processes. Adult status is commonly measured as occupational class, income level or educational attainment, and the latter was applied in this study. The study objective was to estimate the relative contribution of parental and early individual characteristics on educational attainment. The study population comprised all males born in Norway in 1967–1971, and alive at age 28 years (n=160,914). Data on social and biological variables were compiled from birth onwards in several national registers. Information on educational attainment at age 28 years was derived from Statistics Norway. Mean years of education was 12.62 years (SD 2.24). Educational attainment was strongly associated with general ability score at age 18 years and parental educational attainment. Parental income had more limited influence; all other early factors had only marginal effect. Path analysis results suggest that the direct effect of general ability was of the same size as the combined direct and indirect effect of parental education and income. The results suggest that status attainment in this young male population is mainly dependent on general ability and parental education level.

"This paper investigates the joint effect of local labor market conditions and individual differences on the duration of self-employment periods. Using register based, data the study focuses on previously unemployed business founders who have received public support to realize their entrepreneurial activities. Local labor market conditions account for a high level of complexity while personal characteristics are related to the founder's employment background. Using accelerated failure time models, controlling for unobserved heterogeneity and allowing for competing exit risk we find that higher and increasing local labor market pressure decreases the duration in self-employment whereas higher perceived (re-unemployment) risk and lower economic prosperity for incumbent firms reduce exit risks. The results reveal that the effect of external conditions is multidimensional and non-linear. On the individual level, we find strong support for the 'hot-house' hypothesis for gaining comparative advantages." (author's abstract)

PurposeDespite the recent increase in vegetarian food consumption, studies on this topic have focused on the product category. Based on the functional theory of attitude and the cognitive–affective–conative framework, this study investigates the impact of customer individuality (i.e. uniqueness and level of self-monitoring) on cognitive attitude (i.e. social-function attitudes), which leads to conative attitude (i.e. behavioral intentions) via affective attitudes toward vegetarian restaurants.Design/methodology/approachThe sample (n = 176) comprises experienced vegetarian restaurant customers in the USA. Multi-group analysis is used to examine differences between vegetarian and non-vegetarian customers, as well as customers' low and high frequency in visiting vegetarian restaurants.FindingsUsing partial least squares structural equation modeling, this study finds the relative impact of customers' personal traits on self-expressive and social-adjustive functions. Results highlight the role of the social-adjustive function as an antecedent of affective attitudes leading to positive behavioral intentions. Last, the findings from a multi-group analysis show that customer self-monitoring is the only significant antecedent of a cognitive attitude among vegetarian customers.Originality/valueThe present study adds to the literature regarding trait attributes and corresponding cognitive, affective and conative attitudes in the context of the vegetarian food service industry.

Which individual‐level factors motivate women to become a social entrepreneur? To answer this question, we examined the direct impact of problem‐solving skills, networking ability, and entrepreneurial knowledge with social entrepreneurial intention. Furthermore, we tested the indirect effects of these three factors through self‐efficacy. The study hypotheses were tested using a sample of 234 Bangladeshi women. In this research, Smart PLS 3.0 has been used to assess the study hypotheses. Our findings confirmed a positive and significant relation among problem‐solving skills, networking ability, and entrepreneurial knowledge with social entrepreneurial intention. Moreover, our data confirmed that self‐efficacy mediates the relationship among problem‐solving skills, networking ability, and entrepreneurial knowledge with social entrepreneurial intention.

Individuals with disabilities highlight the importance of having career options, as these people are more likely to have narrowed occupational possibilities and to be employed in part-time and contingent jobs. This study explores (a) the range of occupational possibilities that according to Holland's Self- Directed Search (SDS) Questionnaire most closely resemble the personality types of 55 young adults with visual impairments, b) the impact of individual characteristics on occupational possibilities, and c) the differences between sighted adults and adults with visual impairments regarding the SDS Questionnaire scores for the six personality types (Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, Conventional). The research instrument was the SDS Questionnaire of Holland. The study results showed that the occupational possibilities for young adults with visual impairments relate mostly to social occupations. Individual characteristics also were found to be significant predictors of individual types according to the SDS Questionnaire. In addition, differences emerged from the comparison between adults with visual impairments and sighted adults in regard to the six personality types identified by Holland, based on the normative data. The study revealed that individual characteristics of young adults with visual impairments play an important role in their occupational possibilities.