Suchergebnisse

International audience ; Currently, European farmers do not have access to a sufficient number and diversity of crop species/varieties. This prevents them from designing more resilient cropping systems to abiotic and biotic stresses. Crop diversification is a key lever to reduce pest (pathogens, animal pests and weeds) pressures at all spatial levels from fields to landscapes. In this context, plant breeding should consist of: i) increased efforts in the development of new or minor crop varieties to foster diversity of cropping systems, and ii) focus on more resilient varieties showing local adaptation. This new breeding paradigm, called here "breeding for Integrated Pest Management (IPM)", may boost IPM – through the development of cultivars with tolerance or resistance to key pests – with an ultimate goal of reducing reliance on conventional pesticides. At the same time, this paradigm has legal and practical implications for future breeding programs, including those targeting sustainable agricultural systems. By putting these issues into the context, this paper presents the key outcomes of a questionnaire survey as well as experts' views expressed during an EU workshop entitled "Breeding for IPM in sustainable agricultural systems".

International audience ; Currently, European farmers do not have access to a sufficient number and diversity of crop species/varieties. This prevents them from designing more resilient cropping systems to abiotic and biotic stresses. Crop diversification is a key lever to reduce pest (pathogens, animal pests and weeds) pressures at all spatial levels from fields to landscapes. In this context, plant breeding should consist of: i) increased efforts in the development of new or minor crop varieties to foster diversity of cropping systems, and ii) focus on more resilient varieties showing local adaptation. This new breeding paradigm, called here "breeding for Integrated Pest Management (IPM)", may boost IPM – through the development of cultivars with tolerance or resistance to key pests – with an ultimate goal of reducing reliance on conventional pesticides. At the same time, this paradigm has legal and practical implications for future breeding programs, including those targeting sustainable agricultural systems. By putting these issues into the context, this paper presents the key outcomes of a questionnaire survey as well as experts' views expressed during an EU workshop entitled "Breeding for IPM in sustainable agricultural systems".

It has been over five years since the first report of an outbreak of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Africa. The highly invasive pest, native to the Americas, has since spread across the African continent attacking many crops and causing significant yield loss to Africa's staple crop, maize. From the onset of the outbreak, there have been massive and varied responses from farmers, governments and nongovernmental organizations. This mini-review provides various perspectives on S. frugiperda control in sub- Saharan Africa, building on previously published evidence, and experiences of the authors. It also highlights new technologies and lessons learned so far from the S. frugiperda outbreaks in sub-Saharan Africa, based on which suggestions on possible integrated management approaches are proffered. ; The National Research Foundation of South Africa ; https://academic.oup.com/jipm ; am2022 ; Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI)

International audience ; This study describes method validation for determination of more than 40 pesticides in apples using GC technique. Target compounds belong to the groups of organochlorine, organophosphorus, carbamates, pyrethroids, triazoles, dicarboximides, strobilurins etc. The sample preparation consists of acetone extraction and subsequent cleanup/concentration by SPE with polymer-based sorbent. Single quadrupole GC-MS operating in SIM mode and electron impact ionization was used for identification and quantification of the pesticides. The average recoveries obtained for analytes ranged between 70 and 110 % at three fortification levels - 0.01, 0.1 and 0.2 mg kg-1. The relative standard deviation was lower than 20 % for all tested compounds. The calculated limits of detection and limits of quantification were below 0.01 mg kg-1 which were sufficiently low compared to the maximum residue levels (MRLs) established by European legislation. The proposed method was applied for determination of pesticide residue in four selected apple varieties after harvesting. Whole and processed fruits (peels and peeled fruits) were analyzed from different schemes of treatment: two conventional, one based on integrated pest management (IPM) and two variants based on organic production (controls). Higher level of pesticide residues were found in apple fruits under conventional conditions. Fenitrothion and chlorpyrifos residues were detected frequently in apple peels at concentrations up to 0.45 and 0.77 mg kg-1, respectively. The levels found in the whole fruits of the same samples were much lower than in peels and below the respective MRLs (0.5 mg kg-1 for both pesticides). In the apples from IPM were found only measurable residues of triadimenol, concentrated in the peels up to 0.05 mg kg-1.

International audience ; This study describes method validation for determination of more than 40 pesticides in apples using GC technique. Target compounds belong to the groups of organochlorine, organophosphorus, carbamates, pyrethroids, triazoles, dicarboximides, strobilurins etc. The sample preparation consists of acetone extraction and subsequent cleanup/concentration by SPE with polymer-based sorbent. Single quadrupole GC-MS operating in SIM mode and electron impact ionization was used for identification and quantification of the pesticides. The average recoveries obtained for analytes ranged between 70 and 110 % at three fortification levels - 0.01, 0.1 and 0.2 mg kg-1. The relative standard deviation was lower than 20 % for all tested compounds. The calculated limits of detection and limits of quantification were below 0.01 mg kg-1 which were sufficiently low compared to the maximum residue levels (MRLs) established by European legislation. The proposed method was applied for determination of pesticide residue in four selected apple varieties after harvesting. Whole and processed fruits (peels and peeled fruits) were analyzed from different schemes of treatment: two conventional, one based on integrated pest management (IPM) and two variants based on organic production (controls). Higher level of pesticide residues were found in apple fruits under conventional conditions. Fenitrothion and chlorpyrifos residues were detected frequently in apple peels at concentrations up to 0.45 and 0.77 mg kg-1, respectively. The levels found in the whole fruits of the same samples were much lower than in peels and below the respective MRLs (0.5 mg kg-1 for both pesticides). In the apples from IPM were found only measurable residues of triadimenol, concentrated in the peels up to 0.05 mg kg-1.

Oilseed rape (OSR) is the second largest source of vegetable oil globally and the most important biofuel feedstock in the European Union (EU) but production of this important crop is threatened by a small insect; Psylliodes chrysocepaha – the cabbage stem flea beetle (CSFB). The EU ban on use of neonicotinoid seed treatments and resistance of CSFB to pyrethroid insecticides have left farmers with limited control options resulting in drastic reductions in production. Integrated pest management (IPM) may offer a solution. We review the lifecycle of CSFB and the current options available, or in the research pipeline, for the eight IPM principles of the EU Sustainable Use of Pesticides Directive (Directive-2009/128/EC). A full IPM strategy for CSFB barely exists. Although there are a range of preventative measures these require scientific validation; critically, resistant/tolerant OSR cultivars are not yet available. Existing monitoring methods are time consuming and there are no commercial models to enable decision support based on predictions migration timing or population size. Available thresholds are not based on physiological tolerances of the plant making it hard to adapt them to changing market prices for the crop and costs of control. Non-synthetic alternatives tested and registered for use against CSFB are lacking, making resistance management impossible. CSFB control is therefore dependent upon conservation biocontrol. Natural enemies of CSFB are present, but quantification of their effects is needed and habitat management strategies to exploit their potential. Although some EU countries have local initiatives to reduce insecticide use and encourage use of 'greener' alternatives, there is no formal process for ranking these and little information available to help farmers make choices. We summarise the main knowledge gaps and future research needed to improve measures for CSFB control and to facilitate development of a full IPM strategy for this pest -and sustainable oilseeds production.

The book deals with the present state and problems of integrated pest management as relating to stakeholder acceptance of IPM and how integrated pest management can become a sustainable practice. The discussions include using less pesticides and the possibility of eliminating pesticides from agricultural practice.

Integrated pest management (IPM), a worldwide agricultural strategy, contains methods to control or manage agricultural pests and diseases in a more efficient way, and consequently, to obtain better quality raw materials for food production. The engagement and practice of farmers play a key role in the success of this strategy. Since January 1, 2014, Poland and other European Union countries have been obligated to apply the principles of IPM. This paper shows the results of surveys conducted in 280 randomly selected farms the year before and the year following mandatory IPM implementation. The aim of this study was to gather information about farmers&rsquo ; knowledge of IPM and the most commonly used plant protection methods. Our results show that law regulations do not significantly change agricultural practice. Among the non-chemical methods farmers most often comply with are: implementing the agrochemical calendar, sowing healthy material, destroying volunteer plants, rotating crop, applying balanced fertilizer, plowing stubble and preventing excess nitrogen. Integrated plant protection is not possible without proper knowledge of diseases. This factor needs improvement in Poland. The average Polish farmer lacks the knowledge about basic cereal diseases such as powdery mildew or brown rust, though larger farm operators tend to be more knowledgeable. The results of this survey demonstrate the necessity to provide informative farmer training campaigns to promote on-farm application of IPM and to improve the knowledge of disease issues.

Any reference in WSU printed material published prior to the passage of Initiative 713 in November 2000 regarding trapping of animals is outdated. "Body-gripping" traps are now illegal to use on "animals" in Washington state. Washington State University explicitly does NOT recommend this control measure. Mouse and rat traps are excepted. For questions regarding the initiative and animal damage control, contact Steve Dauma of Washington Fish and Wildlife at 360-902-2380. Current legal and legislative action might change the impact of Initiative 713. "Managing" pests by using the dynamic interactions of environment, pest, and host is the key to the IPM approach. It may mean moving a planting date or irrigating only during morning hours to employ nature on your side. When growers employ more than one strategy, they integrate practices, hence IPM. This primer does not apply to a specific crop. It explains how to reduce the amount of chemical pesticides on crops by 1) monitoring pest populations, 2) using natural control measures and resistant varieties, and 3) timing needed sprays to coincide with the most vulnerable point in the pest's life cycle or stage. Less chemical use lowers the chance of groundwater contamination. 20 pages.

European regulations on the sustainable use of pesticides aim to promote integrated pest management (IPM) strategy and the use of biological control agents. However, uncertainty over benefits and costs, irreversibility effects as well as flexibility in adoption of this technology needs to be considered. Economic evaluation of IPM using simple cost-benefit analysis may be inadequate. Therefore, the need to develop evaluation tools that takes the aforementioned constraints into consideration is imperative. To this end, we introduce the maximum incremental social tolerable irreversible costs (MISTICs) as a tool for such evaluation. Only when the incremental reversible benefits of the IPM strategy outweigh possible irreversible costs of such a strategy by a minimum threshold (hurdle rate) should introduction of biocontrol be considered. Our approach allows assessment of an IPM strategy from a private (farmers) point of view to be extended to a social context. We aim to evaluate the MISTICs value of biocontrol adoption for Western Corn Rootworm in maize cultivation and wireworms in potato cultivation for selected European Union member states (Germany, France, Austria, Spain and Italy) based on the option and net present value using the McDonalds-Siegel Stimulation. We also evaluate the potential irreversible costs associated with biocontrol introduction. The farm-level MISTICs per hectare for biocontrol of Western Corn Rootworm in maize cultivation in the selected countries were estimated to be less than €150/ha while biocontrol of wireworms in potato cultivation, well above €200/ha. These results suggest that the introduction of biocontrol for wireworms in potato cultivation, given the higher MISTICs values, is more economically viable compared to the biocontrol of Western Corn Rootworm in maize. The model can also be extended to include other factors such as regulatory hurdles.

This review focuses on the process of adapting the original concept of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) to the wider conception of the Integrated Fruit Production (IFP) implemented in Europe. Even though most of the pest management strategies still rely on the use of synthetic pesticides, a wide array of innovative and environmentally friendly tools are now available as possible alternative to the pesticides within the modern apple production system. We also highlight how recent pest management strategies and tools have created an opening for research towards IPM improvement, including the use of biorational pesticides, semiochemicals and biological control. Forecasting models, new tree training systems and innovative spray equipment have also been developed to improve treatment coverage, to mitigate pesticide drift and to reduce chemical residues on fruits. The possible threats that jeopardize the effective implementation of IPM and particularly the risks related to the development of the pesticide resistance and the introduction of new invasive pests are also reviewed. With the directive 128/09, the European legislation recognizes IPM as a strategic approach for the sustainable use of pesticides. Within this context, IPM and related guidelines is called to meet different areas of concern in relation to the worker and bystander safety. Beside the traditional economic criteria of the market-oriented agriculture, sustainable agriculture includes the assessment of the environmental impact of the agronomic practices within the societal context where they take place. As a consequence of the raising consumer concerns about environmental impacts generated by the fruit production, IFP certification over product standards, including process aspects, are frequently required by consumers and supermarket chains.

Recent years have seen an increasing effort towards the development and adoption of sustainable crop protection strategies, especially in the EU. Several policy frameworks have been put in place including the EU framework Directive (128/EC/2009) on the sustainable use of pesticides. Consequently, all EU Member States developed National Action Plans to ensure the implementation of the general principles of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) by all professional pesticide users starting from January 1, 2014. On the other hand, there are also difficulties related to the adoption of IPM in Europe and worldwide which seek for a better understanding of factors hindering IPM uptake. This paper presents the potential role that each actor of the food chain may have – called here stakeholders – to ensure a higher level IPM adoption in Europe. The information reported here is a summary based on several discussions held within a three-year European Research Area Network project on Coordinated Integrated Pest Management (ERA-Net C-IPM; http://c-ipm.org/).

Public concern over perceived hazards of pesticides, increasing costs of conventional pest control, and legislation such as the Endangered Species Act all serve in their own way to advance the prospects for implementation of IPM programs for ornamentals. Constraints on pesticide use enacted by legislatures, however, seldom bring forth new funding for IPM research. Beyond funding shortfalls for such research, the prospects for IPM advancement are further diminished by inadequate numbers of ornamentals research and practitioner personnel. The costs for providing IPM services to consumers are no less than those required to provide conventional spraying services.

Negative externality impacts on environment and human health are the consequences of continuous and heavy use of chemical pesticides. It has also brought about adverse effects towards agricultural production since it was found that only 1 % of the inputs was absorbed by the plants, while the rest was left to the environment as poisonous waste. Realizing such serious problems the Indonesian government waived subsidy for chemical pesticides in 1989 and at the same time Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program was introduced. To see the superiority of IPM technology it is important to evaluate the program in two ways: (l) evaluating whether the IPM technology has successfully reduced the use of chemical pesticides, and (2) what incentives the IPM technology provides to the farmers in coping with the risk of crop loss due to the pest damage. The study found the IPM technology successfully reduced the application of chemical pesticides in Yogyakarta province without sacrificing the level of rice output for the farmers. The study concludes that IPM technology provides incentives to the farmers in the form of lower pest damage, lower crop loss, and better yield so that the farmers are willing to adopt this technology in their rice farming.