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"Explores the ways in which language and education policies have contributed to the development of national integration in Malaysia, by examining whether and how policies have succeeded in forming a middle ground. Considered through the lenses of policy-making structure and achievement, this volume examines the relationships between the formation of a middle ground in language and education policies and the political structure, economic growth strategies and social system. It then goes on to explore the extent to which these policies have contributed to national integration whilst providing a valuable discussion on the complexities involved in developing a consistent policy framework. Drawing on research surveys of Malay proficiency amongst ethnic Chinese people, it ultimately demonstrates how the unification of education streams has contributed to the spread of the Malay language as a major medium of inter-ethnic communication within the Chinese community"--

Cover -- Half Title -- Series -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of figures -- List of tables -- Acknowledgements -- List of abbreviations -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Language and education policies: shifting between assimilation and multiculturalism, 1957-present -- 3 Ethnic politics, electoral bargaining and negotiation -- 4 The nexus between development strategies and fluctuating policies -- 5 Malay preferential policies and nation-building -- 6 Search for a middle ground: soft assimilation language and education policies, 1960s-1980s -- 7 Search for a middle ground: accommodative multiculturalism language and education policies, 1990s-present -- 8 A new approach towards national integration -- 9 Conclusion -- Index

People in many African communities live within a series of concentric circles when it comes to language. In a small group, a speaker uses an often unwritten and endangered mother tongue that is rarely used in school. A national indigenous language-written, widespread, sometimes used in school-surrounds it. An international language like French or English, a vestige of colonialism, carries prestige, is used in higher education, and promises mobility-and yet it will not be well known by its users. The essays in Languages in Africa explore the layers of African multilingualism as they affect lang

Even after the conflicts of the early 1990s that brought them to their de facto independence, both Abkhazia and Transnistria remained strongly multi-ethnic. In both territories, no single ethnic group is an absolute majority and Russian is the language that is mostly spoken on the streets of Sukhumi and Tiraspol. Legislators of both entities felt the need to deal with multi-ethnicity and multilingualism, including in their constitutions, in laws related to education, or more directly with specific language laws (1992 law "On languages" in Transnistria; 2007 law "On the state language in Abkhazia"). The protection of linguistic rights that is formally part of the legislation of both territories finds limitations in practice. The language of education has proved to be particularly contentious, in particular for Moldovan/Romanian language schools in Transnistria and Georgian language schools in Abkhazia. Why are language laws in Abkhazia and Transnistria so different, in spite of the fact that they are both post-Soviet, multi-ethnic territories that became de facto independent in the early 1990s? The different approaches found in Abkhazia and Transnistria represent remarkable examples of language legislation as a tool for nation-building in ethnically heterogeneous territories.

Language and education policies : shifting between assimilation and multiculturalism, 1957-present -- Ethnic politics, electoral bargaining and negotiation -- The nexus between development strategies and fluctuating policies -- Malay preferential policies and nation-building -- Search for a middle ground : soft assimilation language and education policies, 1960s-1980s -- Search for a middle ground : accommodative multiculturalism language and education policies, 1990s-present -- New approach towards national integration.

"This book shares wisdom and strategies to help language teachers, teacher educators, and peace educators communicate peace, contribute to peace and weave peacebuilding into classrooms and daily life. The book's Language of Peace Approach and more than 50 creative activities nurture peacebuilding skills in students, educators and the community"--

Technology plays a pivotal role in the ESL teaching and education sector. In language teaching, gender and language research mostly favors the idea of potential differences in language use between men and women. This paper explores different indicators of gender in the writing of males and females in a large subset of the British National Corpus (BNC) covering the domain of fiction with the application of the Corpus tool. Robin Lakoff's four key linguistic terms that mark female language have been used as benchmarks against which the study has been conducted. Previous researchers like Argamon, Koppel, and Shimoni claim that females use more pronouns and a smaller number of nouns as compared to men. The hits and frequencies of Lakoff's terms and researchers' claims have been checked on BNC to get at the empirical findings. Taking general corpus BNC, corpus research method has been used to answer the research questions. The study found a substantial difference in the documents authored by male and female written text. It was also found that females use many more pronouns and males use many more nouns. Assumptions made regarding Lakoff's terms have been partially substantiated since the results vary a little concerning the use of empty adjectives like 'cute' and 'divine'. The work is a valuable addition to the existing corpus of knowledge about gender differences in language and it provides space for researchers to work in even broader perspectives.

Preface; David E. DeMatthews, Elena Izquierdo -- Injustice and Redemption: The Education of Latinx Emergent Bilinguals; David E. DeMatthews, Elena Izquierdo -- Part I: Setting the "State": The Old and Subtractive Ways Haven't Worked -- Bilingual Education Policy in Texas: Promise and Lost Opportunities; David Hinojosa -- Compounded Inequities: Tracking School Finance Equity for Districts Serving Low-Income Emergent Bilingual Students; David S. Knight, Jesus Mendoza -- Assessment and English Language Learners in Special Education; Edgar M. Torres Ovando, Danika L. S. Maddocks, Angela Valenzuela -- To Want the Unwanted: English Language Learners on the Border; Reynaldo Reyes III -- Part II: Bilingualism, Biliteracy, and Dual Language Education -- Dual Language Education for All; Wayne P. Thomas, Virginia Collier -- A More Comprehensive Perspective in Understanding the Development and Learning in Dual Language Learners; Eugene E. García -- Biliteracy and Translanguaging in Dual Language Bilingual Education; Susana Ibarra Johnson, Ofelia García, Kate Seltzer -- Preparing Leaders for Latina/o Academic and Language Success: Frameworks, Perspectives and Strategies; Juan Manuel Niño, Enrique Alemán, Jr. -- Part III: Leading the Way to Dual Language Education -- Dual Language for All: Central Office Leadership in the El Paso Independent School District; Elena Izquierdo, David E. DeMatthews, David Knight, James Coviello -- Leading Dual Language: Twenty Years of Innovation in a Borderland Elementary School; Elena Izquierdo, David E. DeMatthews, Estefania Balderas, Becca Gregory -- A School Leadership Framework for Dual Language; David E. DeMatthews, Elena Izquierdo, Stephen Kotok -- The Challenges of Recruiting and Retaining Dual Language Teachers; Elizabeth Howard, Angela M. López-Velásquez -- Implications for the Future; Elena Izquierdo, David E. DeMatthews