Suchergebnisse

The role of the police is pivotal in a democratic society if the concept of human rights remains meaningful and human rights are still to be protected in the light of international terrorism, unconventional and civil wars, crisis of refugees and other challenges to the existence of the rule of law principle in modern democracies. Because of the repressive nature of the work of the police, sometimes because of the lack of philosophical view to human rights and the role of the police, also make the police responsible for human rights abuses, especially those connected to right to life, prohibition of torture, inhuman or degrading treatment, illegal detainment of persons (through excessive use of force, discriminatory practices), etc. The right to life (Article 2 of the Convention) is one of the most fundamental provisions in the Convention. Together with the protection from torture, it enshrines the basic values of democratic societies, and its interpretation must be guided by a recognition of its importance. In this article the violations of the right to life that occur during police activities, most precisely by using force by police officers, are analyzed. The aim of this article is to disclose the scope of the right foreseen in Article 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights and to discuss the possible circumstances in which a state through actions of its officials (particularly – police officers) may legitimately interfere with the exercise of this right depriving right to life by using lethal force. The deprivation of life caused by actions of state authorities and the obligation of the states to investigate such actions by the form of independent and public scrutiny determining whether the force used was or was not justified in a particular set of circumstances are discussed.

The role of the police is pivotal in a democratic society if the concept of human rights remains meaningful and human rights are still to be protected in the light of international terrorism, unconventional and civil wars, crisis of refugees and other challenges to the existence of the rule of law principle in modern democracies. Because of the repressive nature of the work of the police, sometimes because of the lack of philosophical view to human rights and the role of the police, also make the police responsible for human rights abuses, especially those connected to right to life, prohibition of torture, inhuman or degrading treatment, illegal detainment of persons (through excessive use of force, discriminatory practices), etc. The right to life (Article 2 of the Convention) is one of the most fundamental provisions in the Convention. Together with the protection from torture, it enshrines the basic values of democratic societies, and its interpretation must be guided by a recognition of its importance. In this article the violations of the right to life that occur during police activities, most precisely by using force by police officers, are analyzed. The aim of this article is to disclose the scope of the right foreseen in Article 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights and to discuss the possible circumstances in which a state through actions of its officials (particularly – police officers) may legitimately interfere with the exercise of this right depriving right to life by using lethal force. The deprivation of life caused by actions of state authorities and the obligation of the states to investigate such actions by the form of independent and public scrutiny determining whether the force used was or was not justified in a particular set of circumstances are discussed.

Preliminary Material -- Introduction A New Perspective on Scottish Migration to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries -- 1 Scottish Migration to Poland-Lithuania from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries: The State of Present Scholarship and the Sources -- 2 Motives for Scottish Migration: The Socio-Political Situation in Scotland and in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth -- 3 The Influx: The Scale of Migration of Scots to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth -- 4 The Migrants and their Motives: The Social Make-Up of the Scottish Migration and Spheres of Commercial Activity -- 5 The Life of Scottish Migrants in Poland-Lithuania -- 6 The Kirk: Scots in the Reformed Parishes—Defining Identity -- 7 Successful Integration: Scotsmen and the Polish Nobility -- Conclusion Scottish Migration to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from the Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries Redefined -- I List of Scottish and English Contributors to the 1651 Polish Subsidy -- II Scottish Names Appearing in the Baptismal and Marriage Records of St Peter and St Paul Church, Gdańsk 1640–1649 -- III Scottish Names Appearing in the Baptismal and Marriage Records of St Elizabeth Church, Gdańsk 1640–1649 -- IV Scottish Names Appearing in the Baptismal and Marriage Records of the Reformed Church in Königsberg 1640–1649 -- V Reiestr Auditorów albo Słuchaczów Zboru Wielkanockiego y Lucianowskiego -- VI Scottish Names Appearing in the Baptismal and Marriage Records of the Reformed Church in Wielkanoc/Lucianowice 1640–1649 -- VII Scottish Names Appearing in the Baptismal and Marriage Records of the Reformed Church in Wilno 1640–1649 -- VIII Scottish Names Appearing in the Baptismal and Marriage Records of the Reformed Church in Kiejdany 1640–1649 -- IX Reiestr Auditorów Zboru Kieydańskiego (1697) -- X Citizens of Kiejdany 1658–1735 -- XI Scots Admitted to Civic Rights in Lwów 1557–1754 -- XII British Diplomats in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1580–1700) -- XIII British Officers and Troops under British Command in Poland-Lithuania (1570s–1790s) -- XIV Polish Nobility of British Origin 16th–18th Centuries -- XV Families of Polish Nobility of British Origin 16th–18th Centuries -- Bibliography -- Index of Places -- Index of Persons.

The elements of the funeral culture of Ukrainian Cossack officers, the displays of preparation for the 'good' death by making wills, and the dependence of these processes on church institutions are studied in the paper. The culture of 'good dying' came to Ukraine from Europe due to belonging to the cultural space of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Orthodox Church, like the Catholic Church, did not leave a person alone with death, relieving acceptance and transition, interpreting the fokal points of the latter. An important component of the transition was the making of a will. Unlike the Polish tradition in Ukrainian legal field, there was no requirement to write down testaments to the registers of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth courts ('Aktykacya') for legal force. The document took effect immediately after its verification. Nevertheless, the Polish cultural tradition had long been traced in the everyday lives of gentry and Cossack officers' families, which tried to authorize the testaments and keep them in family archives. The funeral culture of Ukrainians depended on churches and monasteries. The everyday life of the early modern period man was associated with the church by numerous rituals, especially before and after the death. The testament was an important part of the funeral culture, the evidence of the Cossack elite attitude to death. A priest, even a few, was invited to make a testament. They were the main witnesses of the testament. Secular figures, Cossack sergeants, and the military community were also important witnesses. The military duty of the Cossacks, their participation in constant wars, made them take care not only of life in the campaign but also of death. The officers mostly made testaments before the campaign. Sometimes it was necessary to concern with making a testament on the march or just before death due to injury or illness during the campaign. Taking part in the campaign did not change too much the attitude of the Cossack officers to religious rituals. They attended divine services, sang in a separate choir during the festive liturgies, and paid their last tribute to the comrades, combining military tradition with religious rites. Thus, they cared about the 'good dying'. The dead officers were not taken home from the campaigns to the lower reaches since it was too far and troublesome. But from other campaigns, they tried to bring the bodies of colonels and senior officers home and bury according to the customs. Attitude to death, attempts to cope with it in different ways, to overcome fear, the difference of strategies of Ukrainians in this field and in various groups of society at that time and in different periods of our history are the issues that will arouse the interest of scholars for a long time. ; У статті вивчаються елементи поховальної культури української козацької старшини, прояви підготовки до «доброї» смерті шляхом укладення тестаментів, залежність цих процесів від церковних інституцій. Буденне життя людини ранньомодерної доби пов'язувалося з церквою багатьма ритуалами, особливо перед і посмертних. Ставлення до смерті, намагання у різний спосіб її освоїти, подолати страх, відмінність стратегій у цій царині українців у періоди нашої історії чи інших груп суспільства в один час – те, що є і довго буде предметом дослідження.

The role of the police is pivotal in a democratic society if the concept of human rights remains meaningful and human rights are still to be protected in the light of international terrorism, unconventional and civil wars, crisis of refugees and other challenges to the existence of the rule of law principle in modern democracies. Because of the repressive nature of the work of the police, sometimes because of the lack of philosophical view to human rights and the role of the police, also make the police responsible for human rights abuses, especially those connected to right to life, prohibition of torture, inhuman or degrading treatment, illegal detainment of persons (through excessive use of force, discriminatory practices), etc. The right to life (Article 2 of the Convention) is one of the most fundamental provisions in the Convention. Together with the protection from torture, it enshrines the basic values of democratic societies, and its interpretation must be guided by a recognition of its importance. In this article the violations of the right to life that occur during police activities, most precisely by using force by police officers, are analyzed. The aim of this article is to disclose the scope of the right foreseen in Article 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights and to discuss the possible circumstances in which a state through actions of its officials (particularly – police officers) may legitimately interfere with the exercise of this right depriving right to life by using lethal force. The deprivation of life caused by actions of state authorities and the obligation of the states to investigate such actions by the form of independent and public scrutiny determining whether the force used was or was not justified in a particular set of circumstances are discussed. ; Demokratinėje visuomenėje policijos vaidmuo yra esminis, jei žmogaus teisių apsaugos principas yra laikoma esminiu valstybės veiklos teisėtumo pagrindu. Žmogaus teisių apsaugos doktrina patiria didžiulių transformacijų globalizacijos, tarptautinio terorizmo, nekonvencinių ir civilinių karų, pabėgėlių krizės ir kitų socialinių bei politinių iššūkių kontekste. Dėl represinio policijos veiklos pobūdžio, kartais dėl filosofinio požiūrio į žmogaus teises (ypač susijusias su teise į gyvybę, teisę nebūti kankinamam ir nepatirti kitokio žeminančio elgesio, apsaugos nuo neteisėto sulaikymo teisę) bei policijos vaidmenį visuomenėje stokos, nuolat susiduriama su neteisėta ir netinkama policijos veiksmų praktika (naudojant perteklinę jėgą, diksriminacijos apraiškos, ir pan.). Europos žmogaus teisių ir pagrindinių laisvių apsaugos konvencijos (toliau – ir Konvencijos) 2 straipsnyje įtvirtinta teisė į gyvybę yra viena iš fundametaliausių žmogaus teisių, kuri kartu su teise nebūti kankinamam ir nepatirti žeminančio elgesio indikuoja pamatines demokrtainės visuomenės vertybes, šios teisės gynimo priemonės, metodai, praktika turi atspindėti jos reikšmę. Šiame straipsnyje analizuojami žmogaus teisės į gyvybę pažeidimai, susiję su policijos naudojama jėga. Šio straipsnio tikslas yra atskleisti Konvencijos 2 straipsnyje numatytos teisės sampratą, apimtį, ribas, aptarti galimas aplinkybes, kurioms esant valstybės pareigūnai gali teisėtai riboti šios teisės įgyvendinimą naudodami mirtiną jėgą. Valstybė turi pareigą vykdyti efektyvų bylų tyrimą, o tie atvejai, kai gyvybę atima pareigūnai, turi būti kruopščiai nagrinėjami nepriklausomų ir nešališkų instiucijų. Europos žmogaus teisių teismas savo gausioje praktikoje įtvirtino, jog neteisėtas bus jėgos panaudojimas, kuris nėra didesnis nei neišvengiamai būtina (2 straipsnio 2 punktas). Ši Konvencijos 2 straipsnio nuostata nenustato aplinkybių, kurioms susidarius gyvybės atėmimas tampa teisėtu, jame tik apibūdinami atvejai, kai panaudojus jėgą gyvybės atėmimas yra neplanuota pasekmė. Bet koks jėgos panaudojimas turi būti "neišvengiamai būtinas", o tai suponuoja jėgos panaudojimo proporcingumo siekiamam tikslui reikalavimą. Straipnyje analizuojama negausi bylų prieš Lietuvą praktika, akcentuojami pažeidimai, dėl kurių nustatyti teisės į gyvybę pažeidimai.

The article discusses the socio-demographic and related characteristics of foreign residents in the work of pre-trial investigation institutions of the Republic of Lithuania. Specific attention is drawn to the victims of crime against the foreigners and to the analysis of criminal offenses that's been comminted by foreign residents, their participation in pre-trial investigation processes. The aim is to address the need for pre-trial investigation institutions of competences and qualification improvement in work with foreigners. The study identifies and discusses general characteristics of foreigners, who has been suspected of having committed an offense addressing the data on age, gender, education, employment, and trends of changes in there aspects in 2008 - 2017 period of time. After reviewing the predominant spectrum of pre-trial investigations of criminal offenses and identifying general characteristics of foreigners suspected and affected by criminal offenses, it is noticedto be a justifying an acquirement of competences and raising of qualifications of pre-trial investigation officers. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ppaa.18.1.23129

Lithuanians seem to have rather negative attitude toward various minority groups and it may reflect general intolerance. Police and law enforcement officers should not take up discriminatory position related to some persons as this can affect the professional interactions negatively. The purpose of the study was to evaluate law enforcement students' negative attitude and homophobic reactions toward sexual minorities. A modified Negative Attitudes Toward Gay Men questionnaire (Davies, 2004) was used to survey 174 future law enforcement officers. Results revealed that law enforcement students tend to have a very negative attitude towards sexual minorities and male participants have an extremely negative reactions toward gays compared to lesbians. Personality traits play minor role while the law enforcement officers' gender may play the main role in stereotyping and having an extremely negative affective reactions towards gays and tendency to infringe their civil rights – this tendency is 2,7–4,6 times higher when the future law enforcement officers are male. ; Diskriminacija ir netolerancija dažniausiai remiasi sąmoningu arba nesąmoningu stereotipizavimu ir išankstiniu neigiamu nusistatymu tam tikrų žmonių ar socialinių grupių atžvilgiu. Žmonės gali būti diskriminuojami dėl įvairių priežasčių – amžiaus, negalios, etniškumo, kilmės, politinių įsitikinimų, rasės, religijos, lyties, seksualinės orientacijos ar kitu pagrindu. Homofobija - vienas iš tokių diskriminaciją skatinančių jausmų, kuris apibūdinamas kaip "iracionali baimė ar antipatija homoseksualumui ir gėjams, lesbietėms, biseksualams bei translyčiams asmenims, kuri remiasi išankstine neigiama nuostata panašia į rasizmą, ksenofobiją, antisemitizmą ir seksizmą (Europos parlameno rezoliucija dėl homofobijos Europoje, 2006). Negausių tyrimų duomenys rodo, kad Lietuvoje egzistuoja gana neigiama nuostata į įvairias mažumų grupes, tame tarpe ir į seksualines mažumas (Reingarde, Zdanevicius, 2007, Platovas, 2003, Tereškinas, 2003).Policijos ir piliečių bendradarbiavimas priklauso nuo efektyvios komunikacijos ir tarpusavio pasitikėjimo. Todėl labai svarbu pašalinti kliūtis sėkmingam bendravimui, ir viena iš jų yra išankstinės pareigūnų nuostatos ir stereotipai. Šiame darbe siekėme išsiaiškinti būsimų policijos pareigūnų nuostatas ir homofobines reakcijas seksualinių mažumų atžvilgiu. Tyrime dalyvavo 174 Mykolo Romerio universiteto Viešojo saugumo fakulteto studentai, būsimieji policijos pareigūnai. Jie užpildė Neigiamų nuostatų į gėjus vyrus klausimyną (Davies,2004) bei Didžiojo penketo asmenybės bruožų testą (Big Five, John, Neumann, Soto, 2008). Tokiu būdu siekėme išsiaiškinti ne tik nusotatų į seksualines mažumas pobūdį, bet ir patikrinti, ar jos susijusios su tam tikrais asmenybės bruožais. Net pusė apklaustųjų turi neigiamą požiūrį į vyrus gėjus, lesbiečių atžvilgiu tiek vyrai, tiek moterys nusiteikę palankiau. Tyrimas atskleidė, kad studentai vyrai turi žymiai neigiamesnę nuostatą gėjų pilietinių teisių atžvilgiu negu lesbiečių atžvilgiu. Moterų požiūris tiek į gėjų, tiek į lesbiečių pilietines teise yra panašus. Asmenybės bruožų įtaka neigiamų nuostatų seksualinių mažumų atžvilgiu pasireiškimui yra labai nežymi, bet buvimas vyru, žemas Sutariamumas (polinkis kritikuoti, jausti priešiškumą, mažesnis kito žmogaus užjautimas ir supratimas) bei aukštas Sąmoningumas (savidrausmė, pareigingumas, apdairumas, tvarkos siekimas) siejasi su būsimų policijos pareigūnų neigiamomis nuostatomis į seksualines mažumas bei jų pilietines teises.

[full article and abstract in Lithuanian; abstract in English]
This article studies the activities and the societal role of Lithuanian women during the years of 1988 to 1992 based on the relevant periodic press and the memoirs of contemporaries. An analysis of certain organizations, such as the gathering of Catholic women "Caritas," the Lithuanian Women's Movement, the Women's Revival Union, the Lithuanian Women's Union, the Women's Union of the Families of the Officers of Lithuanian Grand Duchess Birutė and the Lithuanian University Women Association, presented an overview of the activities of organizations from 1988 to 1992. The article assesses the circumstances of the inception of the aforementioned organizations, their benefits to society and their value both to the participants and to the public.

This study intends to provide a descriptive-analytical inventory of models and policies that Lithuania are using with regard to recruitment, selection and training of statutory officers. For statutory officer ranks, it is compulsory that the applicant have a diploma from a university or a diploma recognized by the Lithuanian state in case they have graduated from a university outside Lithuania. While the idea of university education for statutory officers was first proposed many years ago, there is still no consensus about what officer's professionalism actually means. While the idea of university education for statutory officers is supported by both police and state border guard managers and academics, in principle, the body of knowledge in policing is still being developed. The situation in the world is characterized by a dynamic transformation of the system of international relations. Russia is in a war state against Ukraine now. Practically Russia is in a state of war against Europe. It is a very important in aspect of Lithuanian national security. The primary interests of the Republic of Lithuania are: viability of NATO and the EU, security, democracy and welfare of all states of the Euro-Atlantic community. The external risks, dangers and threats which must be given particular attention by the institutions ensuring national security are as follows: economic and energy dependence (energy, transport, finances and crediting); crime and shadow economy, international organized crime and other cross-border crimes – human trafficking, smuggling, illicit trade in drugs, arms, dual-use items, money laundering, illegal immigration, cyber-crime and other criminal acts. The police and state border guard officers must be professional in order to do their tasks professionally. [.]

This study intends to provide a descriptive-analytical inventory of models and policies that Lithuania are using with regard to recruitment, selection and training of statutory officers. For statutory officer ranks, it is compulsory that the applicant have a diploma from a university or a diploma recognized by the Lithuanian state in case they have graduated from a university outside Lithuania. While the idea of university education for statutory officers was first proposed many years ago, there is still no consensus about what officer's professionalism actually means. While the idea of university education for statutory officers is supported by both police and state border guard managers and academics, in principle, the body of knowledge in policing is still being developed. The situation in the world is characterized by a dynamic transformation of the system of international relations. Russia is in a war state against Ukraine now. Practically Russia is in a state of war against Europe. It is a very important in aspect of Lithuanian national security. The primary interests of the Republic of Lithuania are: viability of NATO and the EU, security, democracy and welfare of all states of the Euro-Atlantic community. The external risks, dangers and threats which must be given particular attention by the institutions ensuring national security are as follows: economic and energy dependence (energy, transport, finances and crediting); crime and shadow economy, international organized crime and other cross-border crimes – human trafficking, smuggling, illicit trade in drugs, arms, dual-use items, money laundering, illegal immigration, cyber-crime and other criminal acts. The police and state border guard officers must be professional in order to do their tasks professionally. [.]

The democratization process started in post-communits countries after the third wave of democratization. Democratic consolidation is the result of the democratic process that reflects the country's democratic status. It is expressed through the quality criteria of democracy. Political culture, economic and social situation and human rigths and freedoms are very important criteria which are used in order to explain the democracy's consolidation in Lithuania and Estonia. Those countries chose the democratic regime. However, it is noticed that there are differences between Lithuanian and Estonian democracy's consolidation. This is the main problem of this work. The problem's analysis is the aim of the research that is achieved by defining the concept of democracy and its conditions, making an analysis of Lithuanian and Estonian political culture, economic and social situation and the human rights and freedoms. So, the paper's object – is the consolidation of democracy in Lithuania and Estonia. The research uses descriptive and comparative methods that help to analyze the main differences and their reasons. The analysis has shown that Estonia has better economic and social situation than Lithuania since the becoming independent states. It could be influenced by advantageous geographical position, open market economy and German culture. The research has shown that when the economic situation is changing, the political culture is also changing at the same time. The comparison of democracy's consolidation has improved the fact that most of the citizens are inclined to trust in public institutions and government representatives when there are better socio-economic conditions in the state. People actively participate in elections and voluntary organizations. The work also has shown the main differences on Lithuanian and Estonian democracy's consolidation. Lithuanian democracy faces serious challenges. The main problem is related with the weakness of political culture. Although the economic differences between Lithuania and Estonia are not so big, but the activity of civil society, the confidence in political institutions and officers and attitudes to the future prospects are more optimistic. With regard to the rights and freedoms, the biggest noticeable difference – the political participation of non citizens.

The democratization process started in post-communits countries after the third wave of democratization. Democratic consolidation is the result of the democratic process that reflects the country's democratic status. It is expressed through the quality criteria of democracy. Political culture, economic and social situation and human rigths and freedoms are very important criteria which are used in order to explain the democracy's consolidation in Lithuania and Estonia. Those countries chose the democratic regime. However, it is noticed that there are differences between Lithuanian and Estonian democracy's consolidation. This is the main problem of this work. The problem's analysis is the aim of the research that is achieved by defining the concept of democracy and its conditions, making an analysis of Lithuanian and Estonian political culture, economic and social situation and the human rights and freedoms. So, the paper's object – is the consolidation of democracy in Lithuania and Estonia. The research uses descriptive and comparative methods that help to analyze the main differences and their reasons. The analysis has shown that Estonia has better economic and social situation than Lithuania since the becoming independent states. It could be influenced by advantageous geographical position, open market economy and German culture. The research has shown that when the economic situation is changing, the political culture is also changing at the same time. The comparison of democracy's consolidation has improved the fact that most of the citizens are inclined to trust in public institutions and government representatives when there are better socio-economic conditions in the state. People actively participate in elections and voluntary organizations. The work also has shown the main differences on Lithuanian and Estonian democracy's consolidation. Lithuanian democracy faces serious challenges. The main problem is related with the weakness of political culture. Although the economic differences between Lithuania and Estonia are not so big, but the activity of civil society, the confidence in political institutions and officers and attitudes to the future prospects are more optimistic. With regard to the rights and freedoms, the biggest noticeable difference – the political participation of non citizens.

The democratization process started in post-communits countries after the third wave of democratization. Democratic consolidation is the result of the democratic process that reflects the country's democratic status. It is expressed through the quality criteria of democracy. Political culture, economic and social situation and human rigths and freedoms are very important criteria which are used in order to explain the democracy's consolidation in Lithuania and Estonia. Those countries chose the democratic regime. However, it is noticed that there are differences between Lithuanian and Estonian democracy's consolidation. This is the main problem of this work. The problem's analysis is the aim of the research that is achieved by defining the concept of democracy and its conditions, making an analysis of Lithuanian and Estonian political culture, economic and social situation and the human rights and freedoms. So, the paper's object – is the consolidation of democracy in Lithuania and Estonia. The research uses descriptive and comparative methods that help to analyze the main differences and their reasons. The analysis has shown that Estonia has better economic and social situation than Lithuania since the becoming independent states. It could be influenced by advantageous geographical position, open market economy and German culture. The research has shown that when the economic situation is changing, the political culture is also changing at the same time. The comparison of democracy's consolidation has improved the fact that most of the citizens are inclined to trust in public institutions and government representatives when there are better socio-economic conditions in the state. People actively participate in elections and voluntary organizations. The work also has shown the main differences on Lithuanian and Estonian democracy's consolidation. Lithuanian democracy faces serious challenges. The main problem is related with the weakness of political culture. Although the economic differences between Lithuania and Estonia are not so big, but the activity of civil society, the confidence in political institutions and officers and attitudes to the future prospects are more optimistic. With regard to the rights and freedoms, the biggest noticeable difference – the political participation of non citizens.

The aim of the paper is to analyze the military career structure in the National Defence System (NDS) as well as its improvement in the context of modern developments. The aim of the research is to provide guidelines for the improvement of the structure after the assessment of the military career structure of professional military officers in the Lithuanian Armed Forces. The article is prepared using the following methods: meta-analysis of scientific and specific literature, comparison, generalization and the survey of the professional military officers from the NDS. The target group was 332 professional military officers. A research revealed that the management of career processes of modern statutory bodies is still based more on the concept of a traditional rather than modern career. A career is seen here as career advancement, moving to a higher level and being rewarded a higher military rank. The military career structure and its management are regulated by law. However, due to the abundance of legislation we face with too much information and too many procedures in different normative documents, long bureaucratic procedures which do not ensure the efficiency of the military career structure and may violate the basic management principles, i.e. complexity, equality, competition, impartiality, transparency and consistency. A quantitative research revealed that the majority of Lithuanian officers are dissatisfied with the existing military career structure, which is formal, fragmented and focused on the organization rather than the person as a valuable element of the organization. After analyzing managerial aspects of the career structure, was identified that the military career structure applies only individual career planning and organizing tools. Also, the research revealed key problematic areas: officers lack information with respect to career opportunities, they are not included in career planning, request forms regarding their career or qualifications are rarely filled in, the potential of a career manager is not explored and prepared individual career plans are purely a formality. This is in conflict with the procedures and requirements found in the Officer Career Concept and other legislation.

The aim of the paper is to analyze the military career structure in the National Defence System (NDS) as well as its improvement in the context of modern developments. The aim of the research is to provide guidelines for the improvement of the structure after the assessment of the military career structure of professional military officers in the Lithuanian Armed Forces. The article is prepared using the following methods: meta-analysis of scientific and specific literature, comparison, generalization and the survey of the professional military officers from the NDS. The target group was 332 professional military officers. A research revealed that the management of career processes of modern statutory bodies is still based more on the concept of a traditional rather than modern career. A career is seen here as career advancement, moving to a higher level and being rewarded a higher military rank. The military career structure and its management are regulated by law. However, due to the abundance of legislation we face with too much information and too many procedures in different normative documents, long bureaucratic procedures which do not ensure the efficiency of the military career structure and may violate the basic management principles, i.e. complexity, equality, competition, impartiality, transparency and consistency. A quantitative research revealed that the majority of Lithuanian officers are dissatisfied with the existing military career structure, which is formal, fragmented and focused on the organization rather than the person as a valuable element of the organization. After analyzing managerial aspects of the career structure, was identified that the military career structure applies only individual career planning and organizing tools. Also, the research revealed key problematic areas: officers lack information with respect to career opportunities, they are not included in career planning, request forms regarding their career or qualifications are rarely filled in, the potential of a career manager is not explored and prepared individual career plans are purely a formality. This is in conflict with the procedures and requirements found in the Officer Career Concept and other legislation.