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This article contains a comparative analysis of presentations in selected Polish periodicals in November 2018 of the war between Poland and the Western Ukrainian People's Republic over Lviv and Eastern Galicia in the years 1918–1919. In an analysis of the media discourse the author takes into account factographic, axiological, teleological, ideological, and political dimensions. He distinguishes five conventions for the presentation of the events: national-dramatic, national-heroic, martyrological-defamatory, tragic, and tragi-comical. He argues that not all have been represented in the different models of memory policy functioning in the public debate in Poland under the governments of the Law and Justice party (2015–2019). He considers that there have been four such models: the nationalist-Catholic, conservative-nationalist, universalist-patriotic, and self-critical. He argues that the rightist political party (Law and Justice) has long aligned itself with the conservative-nationalist model, while centrist groups, and especially the leftist group, do not attach great importance to memory policy. The author points to the danger resulting from neglect of historical issues in the Polish media.

The Soviet occupation of Polish Lwów between September 1939 and July 1941 is investigated in light of some unpublished British diplomatic reports contained in dossier F.O. (Foreign Office). 371, file 116 in the National Archives, London and produced from first-hand experience of conditions in the occupied lands. The missions, primarily to secure the safe exit of British and Jewish subjects, contain information contributing to an understanding of the radical changes brought about in that territory, its impromptu incorporation into the Ukrainian SSR, the beginnings of mass deportations both to Siberian GULags and kolkhoz farms in Kazakhstan, and the steady eradication of private ownership.

AbstractThis paper proposes a new definition of the term 'subculture', as a way of better understanding hybrid identities specific to East‐Central Europe, before applying this definition to a case study from the now‐Ukrainian city of L'viv from around 1900. The first section outlines the theory, arguing that the continued focus on the nation state – either from the 'top down', or else the 'bottom up' as a source of contestation, by historians and anthropologists, has limited the ability to study groups in the interstices of the national projects that typically remain defined in monolithic ethno‐linguistic terms. It examines the theoretical term 'subcultures' to propose a new definition that accounts for such hybridity, by having particular sensitivity to context (historical, social, geographical) and cultural practice, in addition to any prevailing national narratives at a given time. The case study in the second section focuses on linguistic hybridity in the city then known more commonly as Lemberg (German) or Lwów (Polish). It argues that Lemberg/Lwów/L'viv produced an urban dialect that blended Polish, Ukrainian, Yiddish and German elements. This dialect should be reassessed as a mixed, hybrid or transitional code, rather than as a linguistic variant of a titular nation. Archival evidence – in particular, court records – is quoted to show that at the lower end of L'viv society, people routinely mixed and transcended linguistic and, thereby, ethnic and religious boundaries. This offers direct evidence of a specific subsection, or subculture, in urban life where people interacted and intermingled intensely. As such, the paper offers new possibilities for investigating 'hybrid' identities, as well as proposing a counterpoint to recent research focusing on deliberate indifference or opposition to national segregation for various socio‐political, economic and cultural reasons (Judson 2006: 19–65; King 2002; Zahra 2008).

Der Aufsatz diskutiert die Rolle ethnischer Elemente in den Verleihungen des Magdeburger Rechts im mittelalterlichen Rotreußen und geht dabei besonders auf die Lokation Lembergs im Jahre 1356 ein. Am Beispiel der Beziehungen zwischen der Bürgergemeinde und der armenischen Gemeinde bis in die Mitte des 15. Jahrhunderts wird die Bedeutung ethnischer Elemente in der politischen und gesellschaftlichen Praxis der Stadt untersucht. ; The paper addresses the role of ethnic elements for the foundation privileges according to Magdeburg Law in late medieval Ruthenian towns, with special regard to the municipal privilege grated to L'viv in 1356. The relevance of ethnic elements for the political and social life in the town in the 14th and 15th centuries is discussed using the relations between the communities of the Burghers and the Armenians as an example. ; Artykuł dotyczy roli czynników etnicznych dla pozyskiwania przywilejów według prawa magdeburskiego w późnośredniowiecznych miastach ruskich, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem przywileju przyznanego Lwowowi w 1356 r. Znaczenie czynników etnicznych dla życia politycznego i społecznego miasta w XIV i XV stuleciu omówiono na przykładzie relacji między społecznościami mieszczan i Ormian.

Der Aufsatz diskutiert die Rolle ethnischer Elemente in den Verleihungen des Magdeburger Rechts im mittelalterlichen Rotreußen und geht dabei besonders auf die Lokation Lembergs im Jahre 1356 ein. Am Beispiel der Beziehungen zwischen der Bürgergemeinde und der armenischen Gemeinde bis in die Mitte des 15. Jahrhunderts wird die Bedeutung ethnischer Elemente in der politischen und gesellschaftlichen Praxis der Stadt untersucht. ; The paper addresses the role of ethnic elements for the foundation privileges according to Magdeburg Law in late medieval Ruthenian towns, with special regard to the municipal privilege grated to L'viv in 1356. The relevance of ethnic elements for the political and social life in the town in the 14th and 15th centuries is discussed using the relations between the communities of the Burghers and the Armenians as an example. ; Artykuł dotyczy roli czynników etnicznych dla pozyskiwania przywilejów według prawa magdeburskiego w późnośredniowiecznych miastach ruskich, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem przywileju przyznanego Lwowowi w 1356 r. Znaczenie czynników etnicznych dla życia politycznego i społecznego miasta w XIV i XV stuleciu omówiono na przykładzie relacji między społecznościami mieszczan i Ormian.

At the end of 1894, the University of Lwów announced a public competition for the position of the secretary of the university. A few months later the university received seven applications from young lawyers. As it turned out later the winner was Marceli Chlamtacz – a Roman law scholar, for whom it was one of the steps of his academic career. In the first part of the paper, I discussed, among others, circumstances of the elections and professional achievements of candidates until the time of elections. In the second one, were presented results of the elections and illustrated careers of competing lawyers that they had after 1895. Apart from M. Chlamtacz other persons famous in the later years applied for the position: Aleksander Doliński – professor of commercial law at Lwów's Jan Kazimierz University, co-author of the Polish Commercial Code; Tadeusz Bujak – judge of courts in Kraków, Vienna and Warsaw; Jan Wierzbowski – attorney and judge in Stanisławów, philanthropist and donor of the Lwów's Scientific Society; Jan Waygart – held a degree of doctor of law, specialist in military justice, Under-Secretary of State in the Ministry of Military Affairs; Jan Błeszyński – doctor of law at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, expert in the field of theater, literature and translations. The last one who applied for the above-mentioned position was widely unknown alumni of law Kazimierz Tychowski, a Ukrainian. ; Pod koniec 1894 r. Uniwersytet Lwowski ogłosił konkurs publiczny na stanowisko sekretarza uniwersytetu. Kilka miesięcy później na uniwersytet wpłynęło siedem wniosków od młodych prawników. Po przeprowadzonej rekrutacji zwycięzcą został dr Marceli Chlamtacz, młody naukowiec zajmujący się tematyką prawa rzymskiego, dla którego był to jeden z etapów jego kariery naukowej. W pierwszej części niniejszego artykułu omówiono m.in. okoliczności wyborów i osiągnięcia zawodowe kandydatów do czasu wyborów. W drugiej zaś przedstawiono wyniki wyborów i wspomniano o późniejszych karierach prawników, po 1895 r. Oprócz M. Chlamtacza ubiegali się o powyższe stanowisko tak znane w późniejszym okresie osobistości, jak: Aleksander Doliński – profesor prawa handlowego na Uniwersytecie Jana Kazimierza we Lwowie, współautor Kodeksu handlowego; Tadeusz Bujak – sędzia sądów w Krakowie, Wiedniu i Warszawie; Jan Wierzbowski – adwokat i sędzia w Stanisławowie, filantrop i darczyńca Lwowskiego Towarzystwa Naukowego; Jan Waygart – posiadał stopień doktora nauk prawnych, specjalista w sprawach wojskowych w dziedzinie wymiaru sprawiedliwości, podsekretarz stanu w Ministerstwie Spraw Wojskowych; Jan Błeszyński – doktor prawa Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego w Krakowie, ekspert w dziedzinie teatru, literatury i tłumaczeń. Ostatnim, który złożył wniosek o wspomniane stanowisko, był nieznany szerzej Kazimierz Tychowski – narodowości ukraińskiej absolwent prawa.

The work of nurses is associated with exposure to harmful chemical factors and biological agents, as well as overload of the locomotor system, which negatively affects their health. Most nurses suffer from back pains and indicate the link among work and physical health as well as mental health. Pain afflictions note an increase mainly while maintaining long-lasting, forced body positions and during the heave of heavy objects. Insufficient amount of auxiliary equipment and/or its insufficient technical quality, as well as issue in the department of ergonomics, are also possible causes to the heightened risk to the presence of ailments of nurses.