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This paper proposes and assesses policy options to achieve the objectives of the EU marine litter strategy, based on the existing EU legislation. A group of experts and stakeholders was involved through a multi-staged workshop organized to generate the information to assess the contribution of the policies to the set of objectives, as well as the relative importance of the objectives, on qualitative scales. The ELECTRE TRI multi-criteria decision analysis method was used to rate the policies, which were subsequently ranked. Per the results, all policies deserve to be considered, even when the more pessimistic assessments (33rd percentile) are used. Revising the Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive, setting legislative targets on marine litter and ensure they are fully monitored, and funding proven clean-up technologies were deemed to be the most potentially impactful policies. The remaining policies assessed can nevertheless play an important role in complementing the higher-ranked policies.

The contamination of the world's oceans by human garbage, especially plastics, ranks among those environmental problems whose resolution appears remote, despite the considerable public attention paid to the 'Great Garbage Patch' in the Pacific, 'plastic soup', and the like. This 'marine litter' (or 'marine debris') problem is characterized by diffuse sources and an array of adverse environmental impacts, including entanglement of and ingestion by albatrosses, fulmars, turtles, seals and a variety of other marine wildlife. This article explores the evolving role of international law in the efforts to manage marine litter, including recent developments involving the Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic (OSPAR Convention) and the European Union's Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD).

The following protocol is intended to respond to the requirements set by the European Union's Marine Strategy Framework Directives (MSFD) for the D10C3 Criteria reported in the Commission Decision (EU), related to the amount of litter ingested by marine animals. Standardized methodologies for extracting litter items ingested from dead sea turtles along with guidelines on data analysis are provided. The protocol starts with the collection of dead sea turtles and classification of samples according to the decomposition status. Turtle necropsy must be performed in authorized centers and the protocol described here explains the best procedure for gastrointestinal (GI) tract isolation. The three parts of the GI (esophagus, stomach, intestine) should be separated, opened lengthways and contents filtered using a 1 mm mesh sieve. The article describes the classification and quantification of ingested litter, classifying GI contents into seven different categories of marine litter and two categories of natural remains. The quantity of ingested litter should be reported as total dry mass (weight in grams, with two decimal places) and abundance (number of items). The protocol proposes two possible scenarios to achieve the Good Environmental Status (GES). First: "There should be less than X% of sea turtles having Y g or more plastic in the GI in samples of 50-100 dead turtles from each sub-region", where Y is the average weight of plastic ingested and X% is the percentage of sea turtles with more weight (in grams) of plastic than Y. The second one, which considers the food remain versus plastic as a proxy of individual health, is: "There should be less than X% of sea turtles having more weight of plastic (in grams) than food remains in the GI in samples of 50-100 dead turtles from each sub-region". © 2019 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.

The contamination of the world's oceans by human garbage, especially plastics, ranks among those environmental problems whose resolution appears remote, despite the considerable public attention paid to the 'Great Garbage Patch' in the Pacific, 'plastic soup', and the like. This 'marine litter' (or 'marine debris') problem is characterized by diffuse sources and an array of adverse environmental impacts, including entanglement of and ingestion by albatrosses, fulmars, turtles, seals and a variety of other marine wildlife. This article explores the evolving role of international law in the efforts to manage marine litter, including recent developments involving the Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic (OSPAR Convention) and the European Union's Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD).

Most of the waste that is found on the coast is plastic waste that comes from the land, so that the coastal waste management program should be started from the land. This study aims to assess the implementation of waste management program in the coastal area of Watang Soreang Village Soreang District of Parepare City involving Settlement Sanitation Development Acceleration, Community-Based Total Sanitation, and Community Empowerment National programs. The research was a qualitative study design using phenomenological approach. The informant was determined using purposive sampling method. The techniques of obtaining the data were in-depth interviews, focus group discussions (FGD) and documentation study. The Data were analyzed using thematic analysis method. The results of the research indicate that in general the implementation of Settlement Sanitation Development Acceleration, Community-Based Total Sanitation, and Community Empowerment National programs viewed from communication aspect are quite good as indicated by socialization and the involvement of stakeholders. Viewed from the characteristics of the implementer agent, the implementer of Settlement Sanitation Development Acceleration and Community-Based Total Sanitation programs already knows their task and authorities although there are still some deficiency, while most of the implementers of Community Empowerment National program do not know their task and authorities because of the influence of the quality of human resources and uneven distribution of guidelines. The resources of Settlement Sanitation Development Acceleration program are considered being in accordance the program needs, while the Community-Based Total Sanitation and Community Empowerment National programs are still needing improving. Social, economic and political aspect do not give direct influence to Settlement Sanitation Development Acceleration program, while the Community-Based Total Sanitation and Community Empowerment National programs are really influenced the social, economic and political aspects. The inhibiting factors for the implementation of Settlement Sanitation Development Acceleration program is SKPD in which the responsible agency does not implement the recommendations of program, while handicaps faced for while the Community-Based Total Sanitation and Community Empowerment National programs are incentive problem and the difficulty of changing the community

The following protocol is intended to respond to the requirements set by the European Union's Marine Strategy Framework Directives (MSFD) for the D10C3 Criteria reported in the Commission Decision (EU), related to the amount of litter ingested by marine animals. Standardized methodologies for extracting litter items ingested from dead sea turtles along with guidelines on data analysis are provided. The protocol starts with the collection of dead sea turtles and classification of samples according to the decomposition status. Turtle necropsy must be performed in authorized centers and the protocol described here explains the best procedure for gastrointestinal (GI) tract isolation. The three parts of the GI (esophagus, stomach, intestine) should be separated, opened lengthways and contents filtered using a 1 mm mesh sieve. The article describes the classification and quantification of ingested litter, classifying GI contents into seven different categories of marine litter and two categories of natural remains. The quantity of ingested litter should be reported as total dry mass (weight in grams, with two decimal places) and abundance (number of items). The protocol proposes two possible scenarios to achieve the Good Environmental Status (GES). First: "There should be less than X% of sea turtles having Y g or more plastic in the GI in samples of 50-100 dead turtles from each sub-region", where Y is the average weight of plastic ingested and X% is the percentage of sea turtles with more weight (in grams) of plastic than Y. The second one, which considers the food remain versus plastic as a proxy of individual health, is: "There should be less than X% of sea turtles having more weight of plastic (in grams) than food remains in the GI in samples of 50-100 dead turtles from each sub-region". ; C1 [Matiddi, Marco; Silvestri, Cecilia; Piermarini, Raffaella; Daffina, Roberto; Pisapia, Marco; Genta, Daniela] Italian Natl Inst Environm Protect & Res ISPRA, Rome, Italy. ; [deLucia, Giuseppe A.; Camedda, Andrea] Inst Coastal Marine Environm Natl Res Council IAM, Rome, Italy. ; [Darmon, Gaelle; Gambaiani, Delphine; Miaud, Claude] Univ P Valery, PSL Res Univ, UMR 5175 CE3FE,EPHE, CNRS,UM,IRD,INRA,SupAgro,Biogeog & Ecol Vertebras, Montpellier, France. ; [Tomas, Jesus; Revuelta, Ohiana] Univ Valencia, Cavanilles Inst Biodivers & Evolutionary Biol, Valencia, Spain. ; [Pham, Christopher K.; Vandeperre, Frederic; Rodriguez, Yasmina] Univ Acores, Dept Oceanog & Pescas, Inst Mar Okeanos, Ponta Delgada, Portugal. ; [Vandeperre, Frederic] Univ Acores, MARE Marine & Environm Sci Ctr, Ponta Delgada, Portugal. ; [Claro, Francoise; Moussier, Judicaelle] Museum Natl Hist Nat, Paris, France. ; [Kaska, Yakup; Sozbilen, Dogan] Pamukkale Univ, Sea Turtle Res & Applicat Ctr DEKAMER, Pamukkale, Turkey. ; [Kaberi, Helen; Tsangaris, Catherine] Hellenic Ctr Marine Res, Inst Oceanografy, Anavyssos, Greece. ; [Bradai, Mohamed N.; Chaieb, Olfa] INSTM, Salammbo, Tunisia. ; [Loza, Ana L.] Univ Las Palmas Gran Canaria, Las Palmas Gran Canaria, Spain.

This study reviews existing legal, institutional and policy tools and frameworks, relevant to the introduction and adoption of new marine litter clean-up technologies in two regional European seas, the Mediterranean and the Baltic. A combination of desk studies in six countries bordering the Baltic (Estonia, Germany, Sweden) and the Mediterranean (Greece, Italy, Tunisia), and interviews with experts and stakeholders, is used to identify key drivers and barriers to the adoption and diffusion of marine litter technologies. The main conclusion of the study is that the most influential pieces of legislation relevant to marine litter management are top-down EU policies, often forming the basis of regional and national plans. Moreover, the study finds that several drivers of marine litter technologies may at the same time be critical barriers. These factors include public awareness, consumer behaviour, enforcement of legislation, and the rise of SMEs engaged in recycling and eco-labelling of marine litter.