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Reconciling productive agricultural practices with nature conservation is not only an ecological challenge, but also a demanding matter of governance. This paper analyses the potential as well as the limitations of various governance arrangements, and explores ways to enhance the governance of nature conservation in agricultural landscapes. We assume four conditions to contribute to the performance of these arrangements: farmers should be motivated, demanded, enabled, and legitimized to participate in arrangements that promote nature conservation by farmers. We analyse 10 distinct Dutch governance arrangements in the period 2000–2016, including agri-environment schemes but also privately initiated arrangements. The arrangements target a large but unknown share of farmers and farmlands, but nature conservation ambition levels are generally low to moderate. The expected low-to-moderate performance is associated with a low-to-moderate motivation, demand, and ability. Underlying are stronger forces driving towards intensification and problems farmers face in recuperating the cost of nature conservation. New greening requirements in the EU Common Agricultural Policy and in agri-food supply chains are first, cautious steps addressing these fundamental drivers of ecological degradation. More ambitious greening requirements may contribute to a higher motivation and ability of larger groups of farmers to implement nature conservation measures.

Kulturlandschaften sind durch eine hohe Veränderungsdynamik und räumliche Überlagerung von verschiedenen Nutzungsinteressen auf gleichem Gebiet gekennzeichnet ; was den Naturschutz vor besondere Herrausforderungen stellt und ein spezifisches Methodenrepertoire erfordert. Die unbefriedigende Situation des Status quo im Naturschutz (andauernder Verlust von Biodiversität) erfordert sowohl neue konzeptionelle Überlegungen ; die Neuordnung der vorhandenen Bausteine und die Entwicklung neuartiger Methoden in diesem Bereich ; da das vorhandene Methodenrepertoire ; insbesondere was integrative Ansätze betrifft ; offensichtlich nicht ausreicht. Zielsetzung: Die vorliegende Arbeit versucht hierzu ; am Fallbeispiel Europäischer Kulturlandschaften ; einen Beitrag zu leisten und konzentriert sich bewusst auf einige Problemkreise ; denen eine Schlüsselposition im Methodenrepertoire einer wirkungsvolleren Naturschutzplanung zugeschrieben werden muß ; die bisher aber noch nicht ausreichend präzisiert worden sind. Die vorliegende Arbeit fokusiert auf: 1. Methodische Lösungsvorschläge für die naturschutzfachliche Zielbestimmung in durchgängig genutzten Kulturlandschaften 2. Technisch-wissenschaftliche Standards für die naturschutzfachlichen Beiträge zur Landschafts- bzw. Raumplanung. 3. Die Integration von Naturschutzzielen in die landwirtschaftliche Praxis Basierend auf einer Analyse der besonderen Bedeutung von Kulturlandschaften ; deren Eigenart und Funktionen für den Naturschutz in Europa ; werden die wesentlichen ; etablierten Naturschutzstrategien vorgestellt. Hier handelt es sich auf der einen Seite um sogenannte seggregative Strategien ; die in der Regel in die Ausweisung von Schutzgebieten bzw die eingeschränkte Nutzung von Naturgütern münden ; sowie um integrative Strategien ; die auf die Integration von Naturschutzzielen in sektorale Politikbereiche und die nachhaltige Nutzung der Naturgüter abzielen. Vor- und Nachteile der beschriebenen Ansätze werden diskutiert und die generellen Rahmenbedingungen des Naturschutzes in Kulturlandschaften erläutert. Defizite im Bereich des Wissentransfers zwischen Wissenschaft und Praxis werden anhand einiger ausgewählter Publikationen des Authors dargestellt. Die Ergebnisse der Methodenentwicklung werden beispielhaft für die Instrumente Landschaftsplanung (LP) und Gute fachliche Praxis in der Landwirtschaft (GFP) gezeigt. Zusammenfassend wird in Kapitel 6 die Relevanz der erzielten Ergebnisse für verschiedene Politikbereiche diskutiert. Insbesondere deren Bedeutung für die Cardiff-Strategy ; die europäische Landschaftskonvention ; die EU-Regional entwicklung und die Agrar-Umweltpolitik werden diskutiert und Möglichkeiten der Umsetzung der dargestellten Methoden in den entsprechenden Instrumenten dargestellt.

Reconciling productive agricultural practices with nature conservation is not only an ecological challenge, but also a demanding matter of governance. This paper analyses the potential as well as the limitations of various governance arrangements, and explores ways to enhance the governance of nature conservation in agricultural landscapes. We assume four conditions to contribute to the performance of these arrangements: farmers should be motivated, demanded, enabled, and legitimized to participate in arrangements that promote nature conservation by farmers. We analyse 10 distinct Dutch governance arrangements in the period 2000–2016, including agri-environment schemes but also privately initiated arrangements. The arrangements target a large but unknown share of farmers and farmlands, but nature conservation ambition levels are generally low to moderate. The expected low-to-moderate performance is associated with a low-to-moderate motivation, demand, and ability. Underlying are stronger forces driving towards intensification and problems farmers face in recuperating the cost of nature conservation. New greening requirements in the EU Common Agricultural Policy and in agri-food supply chains are first, cautious steps addressing these fundamental drivers of ecological degradation. More ambitious greening requirements may contribute to a higher motivation and ability of larger groups of farmers to implement nature conservation measures.

Traditional conceptualizations presume that landscape and nature in general are characterized by a striving for balance. In consequence, environmental protection chiefly consists in conservation of the existing state, without making allowances for the dynamic changes caused by vital processes taking place in those landscapes, human and non-human alike. The current dispute concerning the protection of the Białowieża Forest is nothing but an upshot of the differences between the involved with respect to what should be protected on top of how it should be done. This study outlines the problems deriving from conceptualizations of nature and landscape as static entities and comes forward with a proposal of conceiving landscape not as an "image of the land"1 but a corporeal experience of being in a space, on which climate change, civilizational and social transformation, political decisions, and bark beetles all have their impact.

pt. 1. Food is disconnected from nature -- pt. 2. The future challenge for food security and nature conservation -- pt. 3. Approaches to protecting nature and producing more food -- pt. 4. A new agenda for food production and nature conservation -- pt. 5. A future framework for linking food production and nature conservation -- pt. 6. Re-engaging food production and nature conservation.

AbstractThe ecosystem services (ES) approach has been introduced in environmental policies and management to serve as a link between nature and society. Communication, education, and participation actions (CEPA) have the potential to facilitate this link. In this research, we evaluated how CEPA have been implemented in biodiversity conservation projects that consider ES. We used content analysis to review 182 biodiversity conservation projects executed by 33 environmental authorities in Colombia. We also used multiple correspondence analysis and cluster analysis to classify projects on the basis of the purpose of CEPA, type of CEPA, integration of CEPA, ES addressed, main stakeholders, and aim of conservation. We found that five aspects are key to fostering social engagement in environmental management projects: promoting explicit consideration of the ES approaches, increasing conservation efforts focused on the non-material benefits of the ES, integrating different types of CEPA, including overlooked key actors (e.g., indigenous communities and women), and developing and implementing social indicators. These considerations might lead environmental managers to revise their daily practices and, eventually, inform policies that foster an explicit link between CEPA and ES approaches.

To halt the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services, various actors including companies need to engage, but it is not yet clear what drives voluntary business commitments. We explore leverage points that might increase corporate action for conservation. We apply a structural equation model based on the theory of planned behaviour to analyse data from 618 German companies, collected through an online-survey in 2019. We show that a favourable attitude, driven by perceived business relevance and benefit prospects, fosters engagement. Perceived difficulties, such as lacking finances and knowledge, hinder the engagement. Customers, employees and the general public are presently the only stakeholder groups that drive corporate conservation engagement. Nevertheless, the expectation levels of virtually all stakeholders were found to be quite low and as such inadequate for the ecological crisis we face. We discuss how political will and goal setting can encourage more widespread business support for the natural environment.

The publication of Nepal's policy on "Construction of Physical Infrastructure Inside Protected Areas" has ignited a lot of controversy for its potential to displace Indigenous communities from their ancestral lands.

To halt the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services, various actors including companies need to engage, but it is not yet clear what drives voluntary business commitments. We explore leverage points that might increase corporate action for conservation. We apply a structural equation model based on the theory of planned behaviour to analyse data from 618 German companies, collected through an online-survey in 2019. We show that a favourable attitude, driven by perceived business relevance and benefit prospects, fosters engagement. Perceived difficulties, such as lacking finances and knowledge, hinder the engagement. Customers, employees and the general public are presently the only stakeholder groups that drive corporate conservation engagement. Nevertheless, the expectation levels of virtually all stakeholders were found to be quite low and as such inadequate for the ecological crisis we face. We discuss how political will and goal setting can encourage more widespread business support for the natural environment.

Despite ongoing efforts to motivate politicians and publics in Europe regarding nature conservation, biodiversity continues to decline. Monetary valuation of ecosystem services appears to be insufficient to motivate people, suggesting that non-monetary values have a crucial role to play. There is insufficient information about the motivations of actors who have been instrumental in successful conservation projects. We investigated the motivations underlying these biodiversity actors using the ranking of cards and compared the results with the rankings of motivations of a second group of actors with more socially related interests. For both groups of actors, their action relating to biodiversity was supported in general by two groups of motivations related to living a meaningful life and moral values. The non-biodiversity actors also noted that their action relating to biodiversity rested more on beauty, place attachment and intrinsic values in comparison with their main non-biodiversity interests. Our results have implications for environmental policy and biodiversity conservation in that the current tendency of focusing on the economic valuation of biodiversity fails to address the motivations of successful actors, thereby failing to motivate nature conservation on an individual level

Despite ongoing efforts to motivate politicians and publics in Europe regarding nature conservation, biodiversity continues to decline. Monetary valuation of ecosystem services appears to be insufficient to motivate people, suggesting that non-monetary values have a crucial role to play. There is insufficient information about the motivations of actors who have been instrumental in successful conservation projects. We investigated the motivations underlying these biodiversity actors using the ranking of cards and compared the results with the rankings of motivations of a second group of actors with more socially related interests. For both groups of actors, their action relating to biodiversity was supported in general by two groups of motivations related to living a meaningful life and moral values. The non-biodiversity actors also noted that their action relating to biodiversity rested more on beauty, place attachment and intrinsic values in comparison with their main non-biodiversity interests. Our results have implications for environmental policy and biodiversity conservation in that the current tendency of focusing on the economic valuation of biodiversity fails to address the motivations of successful actors, thereby failing to motivate nature conservation on an individual level