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Due to the increase in the number of cross-border disputes in arbitration in recent years, the process of ADR and ODR has become international. International commercial arbitration has become a system of private transnational dispute resolution, consisting of multilateral conventions, bilateral agreements, national arbitration rules and principles and rules for resolving private informal disputes. In the 1920s, new legislation regulating international commercial arbitration emerged, and in 1958, the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, known as the New York Convention, was adopted. This was followed by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law of 1976 on Arbitration Rules and the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law on International Commercial Arbitration of 1985 on International Trade Arbitration. The arbitration process was harmonized on the basis of the Model Law.

The right of States to use force extraterritorially is conditioned by requirements of necessity and proportionality. This book provides a detailed analysis of those requirements, and a coherent and up-to-date account of the applicable contemporary international law in this field.

The concepts of necessity, imminence, and proportionality play a central part in Daniel Bethlehem's sixteen proposed principles regulating a state's use of force against an imminent or actual attack by nonstate actors. While all three are requirements that must be considered in the law of self-defense, their exact content remains somewhat unclear. In this comment, we examine how each one is conceived in Bethlehem's principles and review the questions that remain unanswered.

The right of States to use force extraterritorially is conditioned by requirements of necessity and proportionality. This book provides a much-needed detailed analysis of those requirements, and a coherent and up-to-date account of the applicable contemporary international law in this field.