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The main target of this book is to raise the awareness about social networking systems design, implementation, security requirements, and approaches. The book entails related issues including computing, engineering, security, management, and organization policy. It interprets the design, implementation and security threats in the social networks and offers some solutions in this concern. It clarifies the authentication concept between servers to identity users. Most of the models that focus on protecting users' information are also included. This book introduces the Human-Interactive Security Protocols (HISPs) efficiently. Presenting different types of the social networking systems including the internet and mobile devices is one of the main targets of this book. This book includes the social network performance evaluation metrics. It compares various models and approaches used in the design of the social networks. This book includes various applications for the use of the social networks in the healthcare, e-commerce, crisis management, and academic applications. The book provides an extensive background for the development of social network science and its challenges. This book discusses the social networks integration to offer online services, such as instant messaging, email, file sharing, transferring patients' medical reports/images, location-based recommendations and many other functions. This book provides users, designers, engineers and managers with the valuable knowledge to build a better secured information transfer over the social networks. The book gathers remarkable materials from an international experts' panel to guide the readers during the analysis, design, implementation and security achievement for the social network systems. In this book, theories, practical guidance, and challenges are included to inspire designers and researchers. The book guides the engineers, designers, and researchers to exploit the intrinsic design of the social network systems.

Determinants of trust in institutions have been investigated by scholars mostly at individual level by using different theoretical perspectives. However, the ways in which changes in institutional environment affect business trust in government have not received adequate attention from researchers. The current paper sets out to contribute to existing literature by examining closely the role of business enabling policies, institutional constraints, and business networks on institutional trust in the context of a transition country like Albania. The study adopts an institutional perspective and the analysis is administrated on a firm-level data collection. Stratified sample technique was applied in selecting the respondents. To test the proposed linkages an ordinal regression was performed on an original data-set comprising 210 small and medium-sized enterprises. The results revealed that business enabling policies positively influence trust in government, whereas institutional constraints such as courts and corruption, and tax and labor regulations–related constraints negatively affect it. Hence, the higher the institutional constraints, the lower the institutional trust. Moreover, being a member of a business association diminished trust in government. Nevertheless, an interesting finding was that old firms in business association were less skeptic toward government as compared to the other ones. This paper offers useful insights for scholars into the linkage between trust in governmental agencies and entrepreneurship in institutional transformation contexts, and it unquestionably adds to the knowledge on transition countries. © 2019, Bucharest University of Economic Studies Publishing House. All rights reserved.

"This book covers the modeling, analysis and mining of systems made of multilayer social networks, from groups of individuals connected through different types of relationships to large systems of multiple online social network sites. A range of practical and theoretical topics are covered, from data collection, pre-processing, measuring and mining to theoretical models behind the evolution of interconnected social networks and dynamical processes like information spreading"--

Homophily is a prominent feature of social networks and consistent structural
feature of societies and their segments. Defined as a tendency towards
?joining with their own kind,? homophily represents a condition in which the
participants in interaction have one or more common social attributes, above
the level which can be predicted by the basic model of random grouping. This
paper analyzes the nature and types of homophilic interactions, focusing on
the many types of homophilic networks among a wide range of dimensions in
which the similarities in the social attributes of the individuals cause
homophily. Special attention is paid to the origin of homophilic interaction,
the impact of structural constraints on patterns of homophily, as well as
cognitive processes that cause a greater likelihood of interaction between
people who have similar social attributes.

This paper reports on the development of social network analysis, tracing its origins in classical sociology and its more recent formulation in social scientific and mathematical work. It is argued that the concept of social network provides a powerful model for social structure, and that a number of important formal methods of social network analysis can be discerned. Social network analysis has been used in studies of kinship structure, social mobility, science citations, contacts among members of deviant groups, corporate power, international trade exploitation, class structure, and many other areas. A review of the formal models proposed in graph theory, multidimensional scaling, and algebraic topology is followed by extended illustrations of social network analysis in the study of community structure and interlocking directorships.

AbstractAs an important breakthrough in coordinating economic, social, and ecological benefits, green innovation has received wide attention from governments, firms, and the public. However, existing studies mainly explored the economic factors influencing firms' green innovation while neglecting social factors. This study took common institutional ownership as the research perspective to explore whether firms' green innovation decisions are affected by their peers. Using a sample of Chinese A‐share listed firms from 2003 to 2019, this paper found that firms imitate their peers' green innovation in common institutional ownership networks and exhibit green innovation peer effects. Mechanism testing revealed that "voting with hands" through common institutional ownership helps firms obtain green innovation information (information‐based imitation), while "voting with feet" through common institutional ownership helps firms maintain a competitive awareness of green innovation (rivalry‐based imitation), thereby contributing to green innovation peer effects in common institutional ownership networks. Heterogeneity analysis showed that firms with greater financing constraints and lower levels of risk‐taking are more likely to imitate their peers' green innovation. Moreover, firms only regard peers with similar industry status and identical property rights as imitation targets in common institutional ownership networks, thereby following "the imitation law of closer preference." An analysis of economic consequences revealed that green innovation peer effects in common institutional ownership networks are not strategic behaviors of "quantity over quality," with imitation contributing to improving firm value. This paper enriches existing research on the influencing factors of green innovation and provides a new reference for promoting sustainable development.