Suchergebnisse

Many adolescents in Germany are unable to realize their realistic occupational aspirations when they transition from school to vocational education and training (VET). However, little is known about the underlying circumstances and what the compromises look like when these adolescents come to take up a VET occupation. As parents perform an important socialization role, which is also influential in occupational orientation, this article examines the role of divergent parental expectations. Are parental expectations, which differ from adolescents' realistic occupational aspirations, related to the probability that adolescents will take up different occupations than they originally aspired to? Are relatively higher or lower parental expectations associated with a corresponding direction of compromise formation? Are there differences between men and women in the relationship between divergent parental expectations and compromise formation? This empirical analysis is based on a sample of 1243 VET entrants from the starting cohort 4 of the National Educational Panel Study (NEPS). The compromise formation of the adolescents is measured by comparing their realistic occupational aspirations from ninth grade with their first VET occupation. Results from multinomial logistic regression models show that adolescents adjust their occupational choices to their parents' divergent expectations. Women are more likely to make compromises that accommodate their parents' higher expectations.

Prestige ratings of 46 occupations from a 1988 sample of adult residents in Tianjin, a large industrial city of China, are reported and analyzed in this paper. Tianjin's prestige ratings are similar in overall pattern to rating scales from Beijing, Taiwan and the US and to Treiman's Standard International Occupational Prestige. However, certain occupations received significantly different ratings from Tianjin's raters than from those in these other studies. Both intra- and interstudy consistencies and variations in occupational ratings are examined. In addition to such conventional variables as education and income, the author suggests two macro-social factors to explain interstudy variations in ratings of certain occupations in Tianjin, Beijing and Taiwan.

Un survey sur questionnaire de trois cent quarante cinq (345) Ctudiants de dixikme annCe, provenant d'un milieu socio‐kconomique hétérogé et fr6quentant les Ccoles secondaires polyvalentes d'un centre métropolitain fut réalisé afin de mesurer le niveau de convergence qui existe dans trois secteurs différents des conceptions Ctudiantes de leur avenir professionnel: (1) la convergence entre les valeurs professionnelles d'un étudiant et le choix de sa profession; (2) la convergence entre les aspirations hancikres professionnelles de l'ttudiant et ses gains monitaires probables; (3) et la convergence entre le choix professionnel d'un Ctudiant et celui de ses parents.Les rksultats dtmontrent que les Ctudiants provenant de strates socio‐écono‐miques supkrieures obtiennent une meilleure convergence par rapport aux trois dimensions que ceux qui viennent de milieux soci‐économiques infirieurs. Des différences quant au sexe des rbpondants apparaissent seulement chez les étudiants des classes Cwnomiques défavorisées. On déduit de ces rhsultats quelques considerations se rapportant h la carribre professionnelle de ces étudiants. A questionnaire survey of 345 tenth‐grade students in a socioeconomically heterogeneous, multi‐program urban high school was conducted to measure the amount of congruence in three areas of the students' conceptions of their future work lives: (1) congruence between a student's occupational values and occupa‐ tional choice; (2) coqpence between a student's financial expectations of his work and his actual likely earnings; and (3) congruence between a student's oc‐cupational choice and his parents' occupational choice for him.Findings showed that students from higher socioeconomic backgrounds experienced more congruence in all three dimensions than students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. Sex differences were important only among students of lower socioeconomic background. Some implications for the future work life of these students are drawn.

Objective: to describe the perception of community health workers about risks and injuries related to their occupational activities. Method: This is a qualitative research, descriptive and exploratory, developed in basic health units in Recife (PE), Brazil. The Bardin's content analysis was used for the systematization and analysis of data. Results: The results show that community health workers perceive their exposure to occupational risks and health problems. Direct sunlight can contribute to the emergence of health problems, which were perceived as musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, dermatological and psychological. Conclusion: The working conditions may pose an obstacle to the profession and deserve special attention in the adoption of health promotion measures.

What aspects of occupations are considered most meaningful by those involved in occupational choice? Which of the attributes are most salient in describing the occupations? And which discriminate best between the occupations? These questions are approached by reference to data obtained from a sample of social science undergraduates. Whilst no direct inferences are made concerning the processes involved in the cognition of the occupations, it is found that an adequate hierarchical and spatial representation can be made of the data, which broadly confirm Rosenberg's types of motivation.

The concept of social closure has been employed by followers of Max Weber as part of an explanation of how members of a social stratum establish and maintain their status, and of how collective social mobility is achieved. Particular attention has been drawn to professional occupations and their registration under statute as an important part of the process of closure. This paper examines the case of the accountancy profession and shows how, after decades of attempting to achieve registration, this goal was abandoned, partly because the costs came to outweigh the rewards and partly because a very similar end was achieved by other means. A model of social closure is presented which allows this exceptional case to be explained without dispensing with existing formulations. The explanation hinges on the nature of occupational knowledge, the nature of the clientele, the historical/cultural antecedents and the interplay of these factors in the `professional arena'.

La mobilité d'occupations couvrant trois et quatre générations est examinée afin de fournir une perspective additionnelle sur les procédés de mobilité au Canada, et spécialément de prouver les hypothèses sur les attributs cumulatifs d'état familial. Dans un échantillonnage national récent, des sujets mâles out fourni des données sur leurs occupations en plus de celles de leurs pères, grandpères et fils aînés. Les résultats de l'analyse des statistiques sont comparés. On trouve des rapports directs entre les rangs d'occupations couvrant plus de trois générations, mais, tel que prévu, ici les effets sont relativement faibles comparés à ceux entre pères et fils. Avec surprise, peut‐être, on ne trouve pas d'association entre les occupations des arrière‐grands‐pères et celles des arrière‐petitsfils. On découvre aussi qu'il y a évidence d'un effet de rang constant (pour le fang familial dans deux générations antérieures) sur les rangs obtenus des répondants. Les répondants de classe moyenne (cols blancs), de pères et grands‐pères de même classe, sont plus nombreux que prévu en utilisant un modèle de calcul simple. Les résultats suggèrent aussi que l'effet du rang social du grand‐père sur l'occupation dans la troisième génération du petit‐fils. On étudie aussi les implications des résultats pour interpréter le niveau attributs vs. accomplissement dans la société canadienne.Occupational mobility over three and four generations is examined in order to provide additional perspective on Canada's mobility processes and especially to test hypotheses of cumulative family ascription. Data are provided by male respondents' reports, in a recent national sample survey, of their own occupations plus those of their fathers, grandfathers, and eldest sons. Results using correlational, regression, and matrix analyses are compared. Direct links between occupational status scores over three generations are found but, as would be expected, the effects here are relatively low compared to those between fathers and sons. Perhaps surprisingly the occupations of great‐grandfathers and great‐grandsons are found to show no association. Among other findings, there is some evidence of a status consistency effect (for family status in two earlier generations) on respondents' status attainments. White‐collar respondents with white‐collar fathers and grandfathers are more numerous than would be expected according to a simple additive model. Results also suggest that the effect of grandfather's status on occupation in the third generation is channelled through the grandson's education. Implications of the findings for interpretations of the level of ascription vs achievement in Canadian society are discussed.