Suchergebnisse

Under President al-Sisi, Egypt has revealed itself to be less tolerant of dissent and more successful at cloaking itself in nationalist sentiment than under either the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces or Husni Mubarak. The massacre at Rabʿa al-ʿAdawiyya, the arrests, detention, and torture of youth and prominent activists, the proliferation of criminal and treason charges against journalists, nongovernmental organizations, and Muslim Brotherhood figures, the banning of various organizations, and the passage of restrictive laws on basic civil rights—these practices make clear that the regime has no commitment to democratization understood either as substantive participation or the safeguarding of basic civil liberties.

Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of illustrations -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Introduction -- The ageing population and risk of violence -- Invisible older victims: research and UK policy context -- 'Real rape' and older women -- Researching sexual violence against older people: a feminist gerontology framing -- Book structure and chapter overview -- 2 Mapping the existing knowledge about sexual violence against older people -- Extent and nature of sexual violence against older people -- Elder abuse -- Domestic violence -- Sexual violence -- Nature and characteristics of victimisation -- Risk factors for sexual violence in later life -- Impacts, support needs and barriers to disclosing sexual violence -- Impacts of sexual violence on older women -- Support needs -- Barriers to disclosing sexual violence and accessing support -- Perpetrator characteristics and motivations -- Conclusion -- 3 The extent and nature of serious sexual violence against older people in the UK -- Method -- The extent, nature and characteristics of recorded cases -- Victim and perpetrator gender -- Perpetrator and victim age groups -- Victim and perpetrator relationship -- Victim and perpetrator ethnicity -- Location of sexual offences -- Serial sex offenders -- Links between the rape and another recorded offence -- Conclusion -- 4 The impacts, support needs and gaps in service provision for older survivors: views of practitioners -- Interviews with practitioners -- Participant demographics (sexual violence practitioners) -- Practitioners had limited experience of supporting older survivors -- Impacts of sexual violence on older survivors -- There were overlapping challenges in terms of accessing support and providing support -- Physical challenges -- Psychological challenges -- Societal challenges.

Some child molesters abuse children of both genders. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between gender crossover and victim age. The authors hypothesized that offenders who molested children of both genders would be more likely to have very young victims and that offenders who molested very young children would be more likely to abuse children of both sexes than offenders with older victims. The sample consisted of 362 sex offenders being considered for civil commitment as sexually violent predators in Florida. Data were collected from file reviews. The relationship between victim age and gender crossover was examined using chi-square and multivariate logistic regression analyses. The proportion of offenders with victims of both genders significantly increased as the victims' ages decreased, and sex offenders with preschool-age victims were most likely to have abused both boys and girls. A sex offender with a victim 6 years of age or younger had more than 3 times the odds of having perpetrated sex crimes against both genders than a sex offender with only older victims. Sex offenders with victims of both genders had more than 3 times the odds of having preschool victims. The presence of a major mental illness increased the odds of gender crossover more than threefold. Pedophilia increased the odds of having victims younger than 6 more than 11-fold. Implications for practice are discussed.

The authors examined early maltreatment among serious female offenders at a maximum-security correctional facility, contrasting the maltreatment histories of inmates with and without Cluster B personality pathology. Women were interviewed regarding the frequency of 13 indicators of psychological or physical abuse perpetrated by maternal or paternal caregivers and the frequency of 10 types of sexual abuse perpetrated by persons at least 5 years older. Reports were based on inmates' recollected worst years of maltreatment before age 16. Women in both diagnostic groups reported substantial early maltreatment. Cluster B inmates reported higher levels and a greater variety of maternal and paternal physical and psychological abuse but were not distinguished from non—Cluster B inmates on levels of childhood sexual abuse. Inmates reported more physical and psychological abuse from maternal than paternal caregivers. The results document the high levels of childhood maltreatment of female prisoners and the relevance of this history to personality pathology.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Introduction: Child Sexual Abuse and Adult Offenders -- PART I: CONCEPTUAL AND POLICY ISSUES -- 1 Towards Rethinking Moral Panic: Child Sexual Abuse Conflicts and Social Constructionist Responses -- 2 Children First: Challenges and Dilemmas for Social Workers Investigating and Treating Child Sexual Abuse -- PART II: CLINICAL ISSUES -- 3 Is Family Dysfunction More Harmful than Child Sexual Abuse? A Controlled Study -- 4 The Interactive Effects of Physical, Emotional and Sexual Abuse on Adjustment in a Longitudinal Study of 565 Children From Birth to 17 -- 5 Long-term Evaluation of Group Counselling for Women with a History of Child Sexual Abuse: Focus on Depression, Self-esteem, Suicidal Behaviours and Social Support -- PART III: ADOLESCENT OUTCOMES -- 6 The Youngest Profession - The Oldest Oppression: A Study of Sex Work -- 7 Child and Adolescent Prostitution in Canada and The Philippines: Comparative Case Studies and Policy Proposals -- PART IV: SOCIAL WORK ISSUES -- 8 Child Protection and Children's Welfare: Complementary Priorities? -- 9 Mothers' Involvement in Child Sexual Abuse Investigations and Support: Community Care or Child Protection? -- PART V: OFFENDER ISSUES -- 10 Men and Women who Kill, and Men who Abuse Children: A Study of the Psychiatric-Child Abuse Interface -- 11 Completed Suicide in Men Accused of Sexual Crimes Involving Children: Implications for a Humanistic Approach -- References -- Index

Previous research has explored the impact of faith and religion on recidivism. However, it focused primarily on violent offenders, drug users, tax evaders, and so on. Missing is an examination of registered sex offenders (RSOs) and the role religion and religiosity play in facilitating reentry. Religiosity and religious organizations may play a role in increasing social bonds and reducing isolation in RSOs. In addition, being surrounded by a faith-based community could act as a catalyst for identity transformation from a RSO to a community member. Using a national online sample of U.S. adults, this research investigates individual's support of policies controlling sex offenders in religious communities and how demographic characteristics affect these views. Results suggest that Protestants and Other (non-Catholic) Christians are the most accepting of RSOs in places of worship. In addition, the stronger an individual's faith, the less accepting they are of RSOs. Older, liberal, and educated respondents are more accepting of RSOs.

Conventional wisdom holds that the public supports harsh punishment of juvenile offenders, and politicians often argue that the public demands tough policies. But public opinion is usually gauged through simplistic polls, often conducted in the wake of highly publicized violent crimes by juveniles. This study seeks to probe public opinion about the culpability of young offenders as compared to adult counterparts through more nuanced and comprehensive measures in a neutral setting (i.e. not in response to a high profile crime or during a political campaign when the media focuses on the issue). The opinions of 788 community adults were individually assessed, using two methodologies. First, we employed a survey, that directly asked participants' opinions about the minimum age of adult criminal prosecution for a broad range of crimes. Second, we designed a unique experimental technique in which participants were asked to respond to an individual offender who was described briefly and depicted (ostensibly) in a video clip of a robbery and also in a picture. The experimental technique made it possible to explore whether the age, appearance of maturity and race of offenders affect attitudes about appropriate punishment and responsibility without asking about these variables directly. Three major findings emerged: 1) Community adults endorse the view that criminal choices of young offenders are influenced by their developmental immaturity and attribute more responsibility for the criminal act as the actor gets older; 2) the public has a relatively strong preference for differential treatment of juvenile and adult offenders; and 3) attitudes about culpability and punishment are not influenced by the culprit's race, physical maturity or appearance of toughness. The findings suggest either that punitive public opinion toward youth crime may be changing, or that the public is less supportive of punitive policies that treat young offenders as adults than politicians assume. The policy implications are discussed.

Summary: Suicide rates in prisons in England and Wales are high, including those in juvenile detention centers. Previous deliberate self-harm (DSH) is the strongest predictor of suicide in the general population. There is limited information on how many juvenile offenders (15 to 18 year-olds) have a history of DSH at the time of entering custody, or on factors associated with previous DSH. We aimed to determine the prevalence of previous DSH and suicidal ideation in a population of juvenile offenders in custody and to identify factors associated with DSH and suicidal ideation. Seven out of 45 subjects (15.6%) reported an act of DSH in the past. Twelve (26.6%) reported past suicidal ideation. Peer relationship difficulties and sexual abuse were significantly associated with DSH (p < 0.05). Other factors showed a trend toward being more common among those with DSH, but the premature ending of the project by the juvenile detention center prevented full investigation of the extent of DSH and associated factors. Nevertheless, the results indicated a much higher rate of DSH in this population than in young males in the community. A larger joint project with juvenile detention centers is required to confirm the extent of previous DSH at the time young offenders are admitted, and the associated risk factors, in order to assist prevention and intervention strategies.

This book explores the issues of crime, aging and criminal justice and their relationship to pensions, prisons, offenders, and victimization. The book is original in that it explores such key issues from the social domain of ""aging"". This book begins by exploring the relationship of crime, criminal justice and trust - an essential context that is situated that can provide key conceptual insights into the key issues in crime and criminal justice. The book then moves to assess the main issues of crime. These are associated with understanding pensions, on the one hand, and imprisonment for olde

Front Cover -- Preventing Domestic Homicides -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of contributors -- Foreword -- References -- Preface -- 1 An introduction to domestic homicide: understanding the diverse nature of the problem -- References -- Further reading -- 2 Older women and domestic homicide -- Ageism -- Gaps in research and practice -- Competing research paradigms -- Sector differences -- Structural violence-cohort exclusion -- Professional and educational gaps -- Learning from case reviews -- Associated risk factors -- Homicide risk factors for older offenders

As in many other countries, the profile of the Australian ageing population is changing. The experience of this 'greying' Australian population is a result of falling fertility, increasing life expectancy, the effect of the 'baby boomer' cohort moving through older age groups and the immigration of working age people. As the demographic of the general population changes, it is also reflected in the correctional population especially in developed countries where general life expectancy is increasing. Certain policies such as a hardening of sentencing practices, the increased use of life imprisonment without the possibility of parole, and more prisoners being convicted of offences that attract long sentence periods such as sexual offences have led to the expectation of a continued growth in the cohort of ageing offenders in many countries. Almost all prisoners as well as ageing sex offenders will eventually be released into the community. Previous studies showed that prisoners experienced numerous problems once allowed to return into a community. However, little is known about the problems and needs that older people convicted of a sexual offence will face as they are released from prison. Consequently, this study aimed to explore the experience of ageing sex offenders' transition from prison to community in Victoria, Australia. This study adopted a qualitative approach in exploring the problems and needs of ageing sex offenders as they re-enter the community. Data have been collected using semi-structured interviews with nine older sex offenders and seven correctional officers and professionals. Transcripts of the interviews have been analysed by using some principles of the grounded theory method. This study noticed several reintegration barriers experienced by offender participants: accommodation, physical health, emotional and psychological difficulties, financial problems, unemployment, and relationship issues. In addition, support services for ageing sex offenders are limited. Further, this group of released offenders struggled to adjust to new technology. Once released from prison, this group of ageing sex offenders struggle to live in a community, and were challenged by the post-release restrictions imposed on them. These restrictions were aimed both at preventing the offender from re-offending, and at protecting the community. However, such restrictions as were imposed on these ageing sex offenders appeared based more on a need to manage risk factors associated with recidivism rather than to promote reintegration. This group of ageing offenders will continue to be neglected by policy and supports unless a less punitive and more rehabilitative approach is adopted by community and government. All these findings contribute to the knowledge about the problems and needs of ageing sex offenders and provide a base for further research. This study suggests that ageing sex offenders are facing myriad challenges upon release back into mainstream society. This study, contributes to the existing literature about sex offenders after their release to the community. When considered alongside the existing literature it can inform pre-release planning and post release support for sex offenders. It has also raised a number of issues which, in the tradition of qualitative research, might provide hypotheses for further research.

Summary There is virtually no information available on how juvenile offenders perceive the role of Hong Kong probation officers as social workers. This study explores 113 male juvenile probationers' perceptions of their probation officers and the probation service. Drawing from the existing literature, scales are developed to measure both domains. Findings These juvenile probationers generally perceived their probation officer as relatively authoritarian or punitive. Interestingly, juveniles supervised by females perceived officers to be more authoritarian or punitive than those supervised by males. Using exploratory factor analyses, two scales, Perceptions of the Assigned Probation Officer (PAPO) and Perceptions of the Job Nature of Probation Officers (PJNPO) are developed. An ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analysis shows that probation officers are perceived to be more authoritarian or punitive by older juveniles and those supervised by females. Applications These juvenile probationers' perceptions are generally inconsistent with the operational objectives of the Hong Kong probation system, whereby probation officers are expected to be rehabilitative agents who facilitate community reintegration. Continuing civic education for young people, with an emphasis on providing accurate information about the probation system and the role of officers, would be desirable. Probation officers may also consider adopting the pro-social modeling approach that emphasizes pro-social values and behaviors in their interaction with probationers. Most importantly, a genuine working relationship between probation officers and probationers should be established. The supervision plan should be tailored to individuals' needs and capabilities, with a mutually-agreed outcome of crime desistance.

Development of the contemporary society in the past few decades is followed by dynamic change of social, economic and political relations. One of the main characteristics of liberal society is obsession with fears of real or virtual danger; the fear witch is modeling human conscience and configuring state institutions. As a result there is a wide array of social control measures that also have its reflection in the field of criminal justice. Faced with worrying increase of crime during 1990s in the USA decided to get tough with offenders. The concept of "new penology" emerged with the notion that the primary aim of justice system is to control the risk offenders pose to society. Relative abandonment of individual in defining and managing offender population is noticeable. Rehabilitation is no longer in the focus of new penology, because "dangerous offender derived from an underclass abandoned to a fate of poverty and despair can not be corrected". Instead the relevant question for criminal policy makers became how to manage risk and identify criminogenic situations and behaviors at the lowest possible cost. In this paper authors are inquiring whether the American "three strikes and you are out" logic is just a temporary decline of rehabilitation idea or as some criminologists say, modern penology is becoming "the art of punishment and the science of oppression". ; Dominacija američke kriminološke i penološke literature, kao i mnoštvo ideja u ovim oblastima nesumnjivo su rezultat kreativnosti američkih teoretičara, ali svakako i posledica okolnosti da SAD predstavljaju državu sa najvećom stopom kriminaliteta među zapadnim zemljama. Gotovo 3% od ukupnog broja odraslih Amerikanaca nalazi se pod nekom vrstom korekcionog nadzora. Istovremeno, tehnološka dostignuća koja su odavno iznad domena naučne fantastike omogućavaju primenu mera kontrole ne samo kriminala, već kontrole društva u celini. "Strogo kontrolisano društvo" koje ne uspeva da se izbori sa kriminalom ipak ne može predstavljati dobar uzor, pa je, kako navodi E. Currie, transplantiranje američkih rešenja često pogrešna opcija za rešavanje problema kriminala u Evropi. Ukoliko je osnovni cilj penalne politike, kao što principi nove penologije impliciraju, održavanje stope kriminaliteta na zadatom nivou upravljajući sistemom uz minimalne materijalne troškove, takva perspektiva ne deluje nimalo optimistički. Kada logika slobodnog tržišta dominira u sferi društvenih odnosa, krivičnopravni sistem postaje sredstvo prinude, a traganje za socijalnom pravdom suvišan zadatak. Situacija u kojoj statistička procena određuje da li će neko završiti na "smetlištu društva" donosi pomalo zastrašujuću viziju Orvelovog sveta budućnosti. Odustajanje od ideja rehabilitacije i individualizacije pragmatičnim potezom izbacivanja "trule jabuke iz korpe" se ne bi moglo oceniti kao korak napred penološke misli. Iako je koncept nove penologije naišao na odobravanja u SAD, čija administracija pozdravlja primenu oštrih mera prema prestupnicima i svako nastojanje za uštedom "para poreskih obveznika", izostala je njegova šira popularnost čak i u Velikoj Britaniji koja je oduvek više podložna hegemoniji američke kulture. Evropski kulturni prostor, sa svojom tradicijom i raznolikošću socijalnih i političkih podneblja ipak nije spreman da prihvata lekcije društvene kontrole od zemlje koja, kako jedan autor duhovito navodi, može govoriti o tome koliko i Saudijska Arabija o poštovanju prava žena. Stoga i možemo ovaj rad zaključiti učtivim rečima: "Thanks, but not thanks".

This book provides a comprehensive analysis of interactions between older people and the criminal justice system. The editors present current research on elders in a multitude of roles, from victim and offender to attorney, defendant, witness, juror, and prisoner. Of particular interest are chapters on the psychological and medical conditions of elder prisoners, and issue around selective decarceration. Each contributor documents empirical data and identifies social, policy, and ethical implications, where applicable. Recommended for gerontologists, sociologists, social workers, and profession

The authors studied offender, offense, and victim characteristics in a cohort of 111 adult female sex offenders comprising all female sex offenders known to the criminal justice authorities in the Netherlands between 1994 and 2005. In 77% of the cases, the female sex offenders had abused children; almost two thirds of the women had co-offended with a male co-offender. Their backgrounds are on average problematic with sexual abuse being prominent (31%); mental disorders were also prominent (59%). Using multiple correspondence analysis, the authors distinguished four prototypical offender types. They identified the young assaulter and the rapist who are relatively young solo offenders. Two prototypes, the psychologically disturbed co-offender and the passive mother, comprise older women. They mostly abused their own children together with their male/intimate partner. These prototypes partly overlap with previous typologies. The authors discuss implications for theory and treatment.