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AbstractResearch on twins has tended to focus around the question of heredity/environment. As part of this, attention has been paid to how twins' family environments impact upon them. By examining twinship as a social identity, this article considers the social experience of twinship as it is framed by parent–child relations and also actively shaped by twins themselves. Sameness constitutes one central defining component of 'twin' identity within Western societies. In preparing their twins' bodies for public presentation, parents play a key role in communicating twin identity on their children's behalf. However, children also construct and convey their own identities through presenting their bodies in certain ways. Drawing on findings from a small-scale qualitative study of twinship, this article examines how twin identity is created, modified and reproduced by parents and child twins. It highlights the active role that twins take in constructing their own identities and in shaping the 'twin situation'.

AbstractGuided by Belsky's and Eisenberg, Cumberland, and Spinrad's heuristic models, we tested a process model with hypothesized paths from parents' effortful control (EC) and family chaos to indices of parenting to children's EC, and finally children's externalizing problem behavior. Parents reported on all constructs and children ( N = 188; M age = 9.55 years) reported on their EC and externalizing problem behaviors. Consistent with expectations, parents' EC promoted their positive (and inhibited negative) reactions to children's negative emotions. In addition, high levels of family chaos predicted low levels of parental positive reactions to children's emotion. Children's EC was predicted by high levels of positive reactions and low levels of negative reactions. As expected, children's externalizing problem behaviors were negatively related to their EC. Results clarify possible family processes by which children's EC is enhanced and problem behaviors are reduced.

PurposeThis study aims to examine the predictive validity of an adherence measure to Brief Parent Training (BPT) delivered in real‐world settings. BPT promotes effective parenting practices in families with children who either are at an early stage of problem behaviour development or have developed conduct problems.Design/methodology/approachIn a sample of 108 families who received BPT, whether adherence predicted parenting practices and child conduct problems after intervention completion was examined.FindingsThe results showed that high ratings of adherence predicted low levels of inconsistent discipline and high levels of appropriate discipline and positive parenting. The combined effect of inconsistent discipline and positive parenting mediated the relationship between adherence and child conduct problems. When the indirect effects were separated, inconsistent discipline functioned as a mediator, whereas positive parenting did not.Originality/valueFindings indicate that it is possible to develop a sound and feasible parent‐reported measure of adherence to BPT.

The authors report on the development and initial validation of two brief measures of children's posttraumatic symptoms: a child self-report and a parent report. Intended applications include postdisaster screening, tracking children's recovery in research and clinical settings, and screening for posttraumatic stress among children with various presenting problems. A sample of 206 urban and rural schoolchildren, Grades 3 through 8, and their parents, completed these measures as well as a checklist of the child's trauma-loss history. Findings provide preliminary support for the internal consistency, test-retest reliability, content validity, and criterion validity of each measure. We recommend cautious use of the measures, and suggest additional avenues of study.

AbstractThe present study investigates the relationship between resilience and parental behaviours and examines the moderating role of parent and child age in this relationship. The cross‐sectional descriptive study was conducted with a sample of 204 parents of children aged 6 months to 12 years. The Resilience Assessment Scale and the Parenting Behaviours and Dimensions Questionnaire were used. The findings confirmed the existence of a positive relationship between parental resilience and desirable parental dimensions and a negative association with undesirable behaviours towards children. However, overall resilience was not associated with anxious intrusiveness. The moderating effect confirmed that parental age played a moderating role between resilience and punitive behaviours. Child age moderated the relationship between resilience and emotional warmth, permissiveness and anxious intrusiveness. The results of the study indicate the importance of positive resources, such as resilience, and demographic variables, such as parental and child age, in the development of positive parenting.