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The purpose of this study was to determine if there was an association between the parent's knowledge of child passenger safety laws and the use of child passenger safety restraints. A review of current literature demonstrates barriers to incorrect use of child passenger safety seats. The literature demonstrated that multiple factors that are involved in inappropriate use of child passenger safety seats. The research was guided by Nola Pender's framework for Health Promotion Model. The study was comprised of a convenience sample of 34 parents and caregivers from a child development center. Data was collected using the Child Passenger Safety Survey. The data did not show a significant difference between the parents understanding of the law and the use of child passenger safety restraints (p = .2488, Fisher's Exact test). In addition there was no association between the appropriate use of child passenger safety seats and the education parents received regarding child passenger safety seats (p = 0.1711, Fisher's Exact test).

Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Challenges in the Implementation of Islamic Law in Malaysia -- Introduction -- Key Objectives and Research Approach -- Structure and Framework -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: British Administration of Malay Peninsula and Its Impact on the Status of Islamic Law -- Introduction -- Status of Islamic Law Before the Foreign Occupation of Malay Peninsula -- Status of Islamic Law After the Foreign Occupation of Malay Peninsula -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: The Status of Islam and Islamic Law in the Malaysian Federal Constitution -- Introduction -- Islam in the Federal Constitution -- Islamic Law in the Federal Consitution -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Islamic Criminal Law -- Introduction -- Overview of the Implementation of Islamic Criminal Law -- Islamic Criminal Law in the Malay Sultanate -- British Colonisation and Independence of Malaysia -- The Islamic Criminal Jurisdiction -- Phase I - After Independence -- Phase II - After 1980 -- Current Practice -- Use of Islamic Criminal Law to Combat Moral Issues -- The Relevance of Punishing Islamic Criminal Offenders -- Alternative Punishments under Islamic Criminal Law -- Issuance of Bond of Good Behaviour -- Community Service Order (CSO) -- Power to Admonish -- Possible Rehabilitative Programs -- Contentious Issues in Implementing Islamic Criminal Law -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Islamic Family Law -- Introduction -- Underage Marriage -- Application to Marry for Man or Woman Under the Age of 18 - The Case of Selangor -- Muslim Child Marriage Applications by State -- Maintenance -- Maintenance Rate -- Maintenance Order -- Responsibilities of Beneficiaries -- Enforcement and Execution of Maintenance Order -- Polygamy -- Dissolution of Marriage -- Arbitration by Hakam -- Conclusion.

We investigated transgressions in the context of in-law relationships in Ghana. In-laws form an integral part of the family structure in Ghana. However, psychological studies on in-law relationships in this country are rare. The current study interviewed thirty-seven individuals, aged between 32 and 76 who had been married between 2 and 59 years, from two regions in Southern Ghana. Through semi-structured interviews, participants described transgressions in-laws commit in the context of marriage. Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim and analyzed thematically. Findings revealed two major transgressions: role failure; and failure/resistance to changes in the in-law relationship. For children-in-law, failure to discharge roles as child bearers and meet financial obligations were considered as transgressions. Transgressions committed by parents-in-law include poor conflict handling, failures associated with customary postnatal care duties, privacy violations, and usurpation of daughter-in-law's cooking rights. Findings have implications for couple and family interventions.

Islamic Law, the third largest global legal system, next to Civil Law and Common Law, has been far -back subject of an increased interest to the academics. Its main peculiarity is the absorption of theology in the law. There is no clear borderline between juridical and religious regulation. For this reason it is important to understand how certain legal institutes where regulated in the past. In fact, Islamic classic law despite its later evolution is considered the most authoritative legal source, because closest to the Divine Revelation.With regard to the rights and obligations of spouses, they're conceived in terms of complementary, while their equality is interpreted in terms of moral and spiritual rights and obligations. In order to better comprehend their rights and obligations, it is necessary to analyze the different roles of gender inside the Islamic family.Given the premises, this paper will focus on specific rights and obligations between spouses and with regard to the child-parent relationship. In particular, it will treat the meaning of the supremacy or authority of the man to the woman; the rights and obligations that they have towards the children born in and out of wedlock; the questions on the practice of the polygyny.

We examined the association between parents' (N = 52 mothers and 52 fathers) and children's (N = 27) reports of interparental conflict and child difficulties in a family mediation setting. Parents' reports of conflict were moderately associated with children's reports of exposure to parental conflict, but only fathers' reports of conflict were associated with children's reports of negative responses to parent conflict. While mothers and fathers agreed on their child's difficulties, only mothers', not fathers', report of child difficulties were moderately related to child reports of child difficulties. Mothers' and fathers' reports of conflict generally were not strongly associated with reports of child difficulties. In contrast to parent reports, children's reports of exposure to parents' conflict were moderately and significantly related to self‐reported child difficulties and moderately related to parents' reports of child academic difficulties. The magnitude of the association between the child's report of interparental conflict and self‐report of difficulties was stronger than the association between parent report of conflict and parent report of child difficulties, suggesting that parents may not fully understand their child's exposure to parent conflict/violence or the problems their child is experiencing.

Key Points for the Family Court Community:
Family law stakeholders prioritize the creation of parenting arrangements that are in the best interest of the child; however, it is unclear how to gather information about the child and the child's perspective in order to inform such arrangements.
The study results suggest that parents may not agree with each other or with the child about important family issues, such as parent conflict and child difficulties. For example, parents may not fully understand their child's exposure to parental conflict/violence when in the midst of custody negotiations.
More research is needed to determine the best method for gathering information about the child during custody proceedings. In the meantime, it is important to gather information from multiple sources and to consider the agreement and differences across such sources of information.

Previous research suggests that, compared with married couples, cohabiters have weaker ties with parents. However, we know little about cohabiters' relationships with their partners' parents – their 'parents-in-law'. This study explores intergenerational solidarity with parents-in-law, but goes beyond a comparison of cohabitation versus marriage, distinguishing cohabiters by intentions to marry. Using the National Survey of Families and Households in the United States (N = 3,125), we observe significant differences between marrieds and cohabiters with plans to marry. The exchange of practical and emotional support with parents-in-law is lowest for cohabiters who have intentions to marry, rather than cohabiters who have no intentions to marry. Findings suggest that cohabiters with plans to marry have different normative obligations to parents-in-law, but that cohabiters with no plans to marry are more similar to married couples. Implications for practitioners include the importance of distinguishing types of cohabiters and understanding how normative obligations to parents-in-law may differ.