Suchergebnisse

Legionnaires' disease (LD) is a water-borne infection cause by Gram-negative bacteria Legionella spp. with virtually no person-to-person transmission. The clinical presentation is a severe pneumonia with a case fatality of approximately 10%. Known risk factors include increasing age, chronic lung disease and various conditions associated with immunodeficiency. Most cases are community-acquired and sporadic. LD is notifiable in the European Union (EU) and European Economic Area (EEA). LD incidence is thought to be increasing in Europe and the USA for reasons not fully understood, including climate change, changing demographics and improved surveillance. The overarching aim of this thesis was to explore various aspects of LD epidemiology, prevention and control using surveillance data. In study I, we retrieved travel-associated Legionnaire's disease (TALD) surveillance data for 2009 from the European Surveillance System, and tourism denominator data from the Statistical Office of the European Union. We estimated the risk for TALD in several European countries and highlighted potential under-ascertainment of LD in some countries. To confirm and generalize findings of studies performed at regional or national level, we investigated the effect of temperature, rainfall, and atmospheric pressure on short-term variations in LD notification rate in Denmark, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands in Study II. We fitted Poisson regression models to estimate the association between meteorological variables and the weekly number of communityacquired LD cases. We found that the higher risk was associated with simultaneous increase in temperature and rainfall. These findings contributed to the growing evidence supporting a possible impact of climate change on LD incidence. In Study III, we investigate the actors associated with LD recurrence in hotels. We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis and use survival analysis methods to estimate the association between hotels characteristics and the occurrence of a further case. We found that hotel size and previous association with multiple cases were predictors of the occurrence of a further case. This study also highlighted weaknesses in data collected in the surveillance scheme. In Study IV, we used a large sample of LD over a 10-year period to look more closely at healthcare-associated (HCA) LD. We found that HCA LD cases are responsible for a major part of LD and differ from community-acquired cases in many aspects, including demographics, causative strains and outcome. Taken together, the findings support the use of surveillance data for research purposes. They shed light on some epidemiological aspects of LD and inform the surveillance system for possible improvements.

Reviews of first edition:"This book tells every healthcare professional all they need to know about infection control… A user-friendly, valuable source of knowledge on a subject that can be confusing and complicated." Nursing Standard"A valuable contribution within any health or social environment.' Journal of Community NursingInfection prevention and control is an essential component of nursing care, and a crucially important subject area for both nursing students and qualified nurses. Fundamentals of Infection Prevention and Controlgives readers a firm grasp of the principles of infection control, how they relate to clinical practice and the key issues surrounding the subject. It provides a comprehensive guide to the prevention, management and control of healthcare associated infections, and the basic elements of microbiology, immunology and epidemiology that underpin them.Thoroughly revised in line with current policy, this new edition contains brand-new chapters on a range of topics including the role of the Infection Prevention and Control Team, audit and surveillance, and the management of outbreaks. Also incorporating a range of case studies and examples as well as additional online content, it is essential reading for all nursing students as well as qualified nursing and healthcare professionals.Explores both principles and practice of a crucial subject areaAccessible and user-friendly, with a range of features to help study including key definitions, links back to clinical practice, and chapter learning outcomes and summariesAccompanied by an online resource centre featuring MCQs, weblinks, case scenarios and downloadable fact sheetsFeatures an increased clinical focus, with more application to practiceThis title is also available:as a Wiley E-Text, powered by VitalSource: an interactive digital version of the book featuring downloadable text and images, highlighting and note-taking facilities, book-marking, cross-referencing, in-text searching, and linking to references and glossary termsinstantly on CourseSmart at www.coursesmart.co.uk/9781118306659. CourseSmart offers extra functionality, as well as an immediate way to review the text. For more details, visit www.coursesmart.com/instructorsor www.coursesmart.com/students

The rural areas in Nigeria have become notorious with all kinds of crime. Inadequate amenities such as good roads and communication infrastructure in rural areas in Nigeria have made it difficult for the Nigeria Police to effectively detect and prevent crimes in rural Nigeria. It is consequent on these escalations of criminal activities that rural communities in Nigeria have evolved community policing to protect their neighbourhoods. This article presents the benefits of using qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection to unravel the potentials inherent in informal crime prevention and control in rural localities in Nigeria. The social capital theory was used to bring out the benefits of community participation in crime control in rural Nigeria. Findings from the study indicated high theft cases as common crime in rural Nigeria. Youths were observed to constitute greater percentage of suspects at police stations for crime. Unemployment and poverty among the rural populace especially youths were responsible for these criminalities. The absence of social infrastructure, inade- quate police presence and government support to unemployed youths made the crime situations worse in rural areas. There was low level of community interactions with the police in crime prevention and control in rural Nigeria. The study recommended increased police-public partnership in crime prevention and control in rural Nigeria.

Chapter 1 Introduction -- Chapter 2 Sources of Urban Public Security Risks -- Chapter 3 Development of Urban Risk Prevention and Control System -- Chapter 4 Sources of Motivation Behind the Establishment of Urban Risk Prevention and Control System -- Chapter 5 Effective Operation of Urban Risk Prevention and Control System -- Chapter 6 Grassroots Governance of Urban Risk Prevention and Control -- Chapter 7 Future-oriented Urban Security Risk Prevention and Control System. .

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