Suchergebnisse

This thesis contributes to the econometric approach to pro-poor growth. It presents theoretical and empirical contributions. First, it presents the different definitions, indices and the policies of pro-poor growth proposed in the theoretical literature. It also examines the theoretical and empirical models on the interactions between income distribution and growth. It shows that the traditional measures, in addition to their partial characters, can lead to contradictory results. To avoid these limits this thesis emphasizes the alternative approach by using econometric models. The latter approach, although it has the advantage of including all the dimensions of poverty, suffering from two types of bias: selection bias and bias of endogeneity. These are due to the limitations of the data: measurement error, outliers. In addition, the results obtained with this approach are sensitive to selected functional forms. So, There are good reasons to use the Gini regression. Unfortunately, the Gini regressions existed only cross sectional and time series. Thus, in a second time, this thesis proposes to extend the Gini regression on the panel. It introduces within and between estimators, the individual effect test and the Gini Aitken estimator. Finally, this thesis presents empirical applications that illustrate the robustness of our estimators. She is particularly interested in the consequences of the estimation method and the sample section. It concludes that the growth process promotes poverty reduction when income inequalities are overcome. But also, the impact of agricultural growth on poverty reduction varies depending on the country's level of development. ; Cette thèse contribue à l'approche économétrique de la croissance pro-pauvre. Elle présente des apports théoriques et empiriques. En premier lieu, elle présente les différentes définitions, indices et politiques de croissance pro-pauvre proposées dans la littérature théorique. Elle examine également les modèles théoriques et empiriques portant sur les ...

This thesis contributes to the econometric approach to pro-poor growth. It presents theoretical and empirical contributions. First, it presents the different definitions, indices and the policies of pro-poor growth proposed in the theoretical literature. It also examines the theoretical and empirical models on the interactions between income distribution and growth. It shows that the traditional measures, in addition to their partial characters, can lead to contradictory results. To avoid these limits this thesis emphasizes the alternative approach by using econometric models. The latter approach, although it has the advantage of including all the dimensions of poverty, suffering from two types of bias: selection bias and bias of endogeneity. These are due to the limitations of the data: measurement error, outliers. In addition, the results obtained with this approach are sensitive to selected functional forms. So, There are good reasons to use the Gini regression. Unfortunately, the Gini regressions existed only cross sectional and time series. Thus, in a second time, this thesis proposes to extend the Gini regression on the panel. It introduces within and between estimators, the individual effect test and the Gini Aitken estimator. Finally, this thesis presents empirical applications that illustrate the robustness of our estimators. She is particularly interested in the consequences of the estimation method and the sample section. It concludes that the growth process promotes poverty reduction when income inequalities are overcome. But also, the impact of agricultural growth on poverty reduction varies depending on the country's level of development. ; Cette thèse contribue à l'approche économétrique de la croissance pro-pauvre. Elle présente des apports théoriques et empiriques. En premier lieu, elle présente les différentes définitions, indices et politiques de croissance pro-pauvre proposées dans la littérature théorique. Elle examine également les modèles théoriques et empiriques portant sur les ...

This thesis contributes to the econometric approach to pro-poor growth. It presents theoretical and empirical contributions. First, it presents the different definitions, indices and the policies of pro-poor growth proposed in the theoretical literature. It also examines the theoretical and empirical models on the interactions between income distribution and growth. It shows that the traditional measures, in addition to their partial characters, can lead to contradictory results. To avoid these limits this thesis emphasizes the alternative approach by using econometric models. The latter approach, although it has the advantage of including all the dimensions of poverty, suffering from two types of bias: selection bias and bias of endogeneity. These are due to the limitations of the data: measurement error, outliers. In addition, the results obtained with this approach are sensitive to selected functional forms. So, There are good reasons to use the Gini regression. Unfortunately, the Gini regressions existed only cross sectional and time series. Thus, in a second time, this thesis proposes to extend the Gini regression on the panel. It introduces within and between estimators, the individual effect test and the Gini Aitken estimator. Finally, this thesis presents empirical applications that illustrate the robustness of our estimators. She is particularly interested in the consequences of the estimation method and the sample section. It concludes that the growth process promotes poverty reduction when income inequalities are overcome. But also, the impact of agricultural growth on poverty reduction varies depending on the country's level of development. ; Cette thèse contribue à l'approche économétrique de la croissance pro-pauvre. Elle présente des apports théoriques et empiriques. En premier lieu, elle présente les différentes définitions, indices et politiques de croissance pro-pauvre proposées dans la littérature théorique. Elle examine également les modèles théoriques et empiriques portant sur les ...

"This paper draws together findings from different elements of a research project examining critical components of pro-poor agricultural growth and of policies that can promote such growth in poor rural economies in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. Agricultural growth, a critical driver in poverty reducing growth in many poor agrarian economies in the past, faces many difficulties in today's poor rural areas in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. Some of these difficulties are endogenous to these areas while others result from broader processes of global change. Active state interventions in 'kick starting' markets in 20th century green revolutions suggest that another major difficulty may be current policies which emphasize the benefits of liberalization and state withdrawal but fail to address critical institutional constraints to market and economic development in poor rural areas. This broad hypothesis was tested in an analysis of the returns (in agricultural growth and poverty reduction) to different government spending in India over the last forty years. The results reject the alternate hypothesis underlying much current policy, that fertilizer and credit subsidies, for example, depressed agricultural growth and poverty reduction in the early stages of agricultural transformation. The results show initially high but then declining impacts from fertilizer subsidies; high benefits from investment in roads, education and agricultural R&D during all periods and varying benefits from credit subsidies over four decades; low impacts from power subsidies; and intermediate impacts from irrigation investments. These findings demand a fundamental reassessment of policies espousing state withdrawal from markets in poor agrarian economies. Given widespread state failure in many poor agrarian economies today, particularly in Africa, new thinking is urgently needed to find alternative ways of 'kick starting' markets -- ways which reduce rent seeking opportunities, promote rather than crowd-out private sector investment, and allow the state to withdraw as economic growth proceeds. -- Authors' Abstract"-- Authors' Abstract ; IFPRI5; GRP3; Theme 9 ; DSGD ; Non-PR ; 114 p.

This paper reviews the trends in government subsidies and investments in and for Indian agriculture; develops a conceptual framework and model to assess the impact of various subsidies and investments on agricultural growth and poverty reduction; and, presents several reform options with regard to re-prioritizing government spending and improving institutions and governance. There are three major findings. First, initial subsidies in credit, fertilizer, and irrigation have been crucial for small farmers to adopt new technologies. Small farms are often losers in the initial adoption stage of a new technology since prices of the agricultural products are typically being pushed down by greater supply of products from large farms, which adopted the new technology. But as more and more farmers have adopted HYV, continued subsidies have led to inefficiency of the overall economy. Second, agricultural research, education, and rural roads are the three most effective public spending items in promoting agricultural growth and poverty reduction during all periods. Finally, the trade-off between agricultural growth and poverty reduction is generally small among different types of investments. As for agricultural research, education, and infrastructure development, they have large growth impact and a large poverty reduction impact. Several policy lessons can be drawn. Agricultural input and output subsidies have proved to be unproductive, financially unsustainable, environmentally unfriendly in recent years, and contributed to increased inequality among rural Indian states. To sustain long-term growth in agricultural production, and therefore provide a long-term solution to poverty reduction, the government should cut subsidies of fertilizer, irrigation, power, and credit and increase investments in agricultural research and development, rural infrastructure, and education. Promoting nonfarm opportunities is also important. However, simply reallocating public resources is not the full solution. Reforming institutions can have an equal, if not larger, impact on future agricultural and rural growth and rural poverty reduction. -- from Authors' Abstract ; Non-PR ; IFPRI1; Theme 9; Subtheme 9.2; GRP32; Country and regional food, nutrition, and agricultural strategies ; DSGD; MTID; NDO

This case study examines to what extent Bolivia has been able to achieve pro-poor growth, what the mechanisms of achieving (or failing to achieve) pro-poor growth have been, and what options are available to ensure higher rates of pro-poor growth. The analysis focuses on the period from 1989 to 2003, which spans a time of relatively high growth in the 1990s, and low growth with social and political turmoil in the past few years. In contrast, there have been notable and sustained improvements in social indicators which continued to improve despite the economic slowdown.

To frame the issue, two characteristics of Pakistan should be noted. First, Pakistan has a very large market of 160 million people. For decades, this fact has been ignored in policy because of the focus on production and exports.1 Second, a large and growing population has now produced a huge youth bulge in the population which will work itself out for much of this century: 50 percent of the population is "under 20".2 Progress of the spread of education has been slow, leaving this bulge largely unskilled, and hence with limited employment possibilities. Domestic commerce is the most pro-poor growth possibility in the country. Currently, it employs about 40 percent of the labour force and contributes about 52 percent to GDP. If it can be provided with an enabling environment, our estimates suggest that it could help increase the growth rate by at least 2 percentage points. In addition, a pick up of activity in this area would increase employment substantially. Following this agenda would need a huge increase in construction activity, strong development in hotelling, retail shop, transport, warehousing, storage, and other service industries. The employment impact of this would be far larger than through investment in any other sector.

AbstractThis article analyzes pro‐poor growth of multiple dimensions of household well‐being by sector of activity in Cameroon. It uses (1) a polychoric principal component analysis to construct indicators of household asset endowments, (2) the growth incidence curve to analyze the pro‐poorness of the different assets, and (3) a Shapley value framework decomposition to account for changes in deprivation in terms of within‐sector growth and changes in within‐sector inequality. Data is sourced from the second and third Cameroon household consumption surveys. Results show that: (a) pro‐poor growth is not observed for all assets and households at the bottom of the distribution of the different assets experienced an increase in inequality; (b) for all asset endowments, overall deprivation worsened between 2001 and 2007; (c) whereas the growth component mitigated the worsening incidence, depth and severity of human asset deprivation, both growth and redistribution components accounted for the worsening physical, financial and social asset deprivations; (d) while the tertiary sectors of activity benefited some human asset poverty reduction, all sectors suffered from worsening financial and social asset deprivation. These results have implications for promoting growth and improving the allocation of household assets.

In the concept of pro-poor growth, economic growth accompanied by fair income distribution will accelerate the rate of poverty reduction. By employing extensive data of household expenditures and other economic indicators, the study will examine the performance of economic growth in Indonesia whether it has been pro-poor over the period 2005-2013. We employ two methods in this article, Growth Incidence Curve (GIC) method, and Pro-Poor Growth Index (PPGI) method. By applying the GIC method, our empirical results indicate that economic growth in Indonesia has not been pro-poor during the observed period. The curve shows that the highest income population enjoys increased consumption more than the poorest population. Furthermore, PPGI method has revealed that economic growth, inequality, and an interaction term between economic growth and inequality have been significant to influence poverty incidence in Indonesia. Our empirical result also reveals that among manufacturing, agriculture, and services sector; it was manufacturing that has successfully reduced the number of the poor, while agriculture unexpectedly had a devastating impact on the number of poor people. The services sector, meanwhile, had not contributed to poverty alleviation. Furthermore, none of the government spending in education and health that significantly contributes to poverty alleviation. ; Dalam konsep pertumbuhan ekonomi yang pro-poor, pertumbuhan yang disertai dengan pemerataan pendapatan akan mempercepat proses pengentasan kemiskinan. Dengan menggunakan data survey pengeluaran rumah tangga dan berbagai indikator ekonomi, penelitian ini akan menguji apakah pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia pada periode 2005 sampai dengan 2013 dapat dikategorikan sebagai pertumbuhan yang pro-poor. Penelitian akan menggunakan dua metode, yakni metode Growth Incidence Curve (GIC) dan metode Pro-Poor Growth Index (PPGI). Metode GIC menunjukkan hasil empiris bahwa pertumbuhan ekonomi pada periode yang diobservasi tidak bisa dikatakan sebagai pertumbuhan ekonomi yang pro-poor. Kurva GIC memperlihatkan bahwa rumah tangga 'kaya' justru menikmati peningkatan pengeluaran untuk konsumsi dibanding rumah tangga 'miskin'. Lebih jauh lagi, ketika menggunakan metode PPGI, dapat disimpulkan bahwa pertumbuhan ekonomi, ketimpangan,dan interaksi antara pertumbuhan ekonomi dan ketimpangan berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap kemiskinan di Indonesia. Hasil empiris juga menunjukkan bahwa dari tiga sektor yang diteliti, yakni sektor industri, sektor pertanian, dan sektor jasa; sektor industri berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap upaya pengentasan kemiskinan, sedangkan sektor pertanian justru secara signifikan berkorelasi negatif dengan pengurangan kemiskinan. Sementara itu, sektor jasa tidak terbukti berkontribusi dalam menurunkan angka kemiskinan. Selain itu, uji statistik juga menyatakan bahwa pengeluaran pemerintah di bidang pendidikan dan kesehatan tidak berkontribusi dalam mengurangi kemiskinan. Kata Kunci Kemiskinan, Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, Ketimpangan,Pro-Poor Growth