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The 1920s proved to be a remarkable period in American history. It was also a period of contradictions. On the one hand, America's manufacturing industry boomed, and the country enjoyed the kind of prosperity that made it the envy of the rest of Europe. On the other hand, the affluence of a significant number of Americans was in stark contrast to the poverty of millions of others. Moreover, the razzamatazz that fascinated the rest of the world hid a deeply divided society. America's history of immigration had created a country full of prejudice, discrimination, racism, and an almost fanatical fear of political extremism that was thinly disguised by the glamorous façade. The 19th Amendment, granting women the right to vote in all elections, was a major step in freeing half the American population. During the early 20th century, thousands of women conducted hundreds of campaigns to gain the rights to vote. Finally the time for women had come. The 1920s was a challenging time for American women. Women were expected to raise children, keep house, provide emotional support for their husbands, and in myriad ways, contribute to American society. However, during the twenties, those demands came to seem less and less compatible. Particularly for middle-class women, roles evolved in ways that often left women feeling pulled in two or more directions at once. Sometimes, women of the 1920s responded to the competing demands by rebelling against authority. Middle-class women had plenty of outlets for their energy. They could focus their time, energy, and resources on the common good, trying to improve the lot of all women. Nevertheless, many exciting and glamorous distractions offered themselves to the New Woman. She could attend to her appearance by poring over the latest clothing styles. She could spend evenings at parties and movies. She could follow the latest sensational stories about celebrities in the newspapers and movie magazines. The New Woman who chose to combine domesticity with a career had to experiment with new ways to manage her time and energy to meet the demands of being a wife, mother, and working woman. Substantial number of women took up the challenge of a career or job outside the home. Sometimes, women persevered to overcome barriers and gained admission to professions such as law and medicine. Others took up jobs such as work in textile mills that were readily offered to women. Even though the 1920s offered new employment opportunities in industries previously closed to women, often the women who took these jobs found themselves exploited. No matter what her social standing, race or level of education, the New Woman found the 1920s a time of uncertainty. For the poor, being a New Woman meant new burdens, not opportunities.

As the role of women in society at large has changed, religion in the US has responded to these changes in a number of ways. New professional roles in church & synagogues have been opened to women, including that of ordained clergy. Lay leadership positions are increasingly being filled by women. Along with these structural changes, many theological issues have been engendered, including the recovery of women's share of religious history, changing images of God & the church, & issues relating to sexual equality & justice. On the other hand, some religious groups have taken the lead in opposing women's assumption of more public roles; they have also opposed movements to free women from the domestic role through abortion, birth control, divorce, etc. These issues have been joined to larger movements over which religious groups & denominations have become polarized. They have also affected the churches' expectations of a large pool of F volunteer workers. Thus, the general pattern of changing roles for women has changed both the social & ideological structure of US religion. HA

Women's participation in sports is a recent phenomenon characterizing changes in F roles in society. Investigated here is whether indicators of F participation in the Olympic Games parallel models & theories of F participation in the LF. Findings indicate a close relationship between the two types of participation; it is argued that the same social conditions that foster social change in one domain also foster change in others. Modified HA.

Women and work in the ancient Near East : an introduction / Brigitte Lion and Cécile Michel -- Weaving, potting, churning : women at work during the Uruk Period : evidence from the cylinder seals / Catherine Breniquet -- Representation of women in Mesopotamian lexical lists / Camille Lecompte -- Women and land in the Presargonic Laga corpus / Fumi Karahashi -- The role of women in work and society in the Ebla Kingdom (Syria, 24th century BC) / Maria Giovanna Biga -- Women and production in Sargonic Adab / Massimo Maiocchi -- Professional women and women at work in Mesopotamia and Syria (3rd and early 2nd millennia BC) : the (rare) information from visual images / Adelheid Otto -- Women at work and women in economy and society during the Neo-Sumerian Period / Bertrand Lafont -- The sex-based division of work versus intersectionality : some strategies for engendering the Ur III textile work force / Agnès Garcia-Ventura -- Women work, men are professionals in the Old Assyrian archives / Cécile Michel -- The job of sex : the social and economic role of prostitutes in ancient Mesopotamia / Jerrold S. Cooper -- "She is not fit for womanhood" : the ideal housewife according to Sumerian literary texts / Jana Matuszak -- Economic activities of Naditum-women of "ama" reflected in the field sale contracts (Mhet II/1-6) / Ichiro Nakata -- Cherchez la femme! : the economic role of women in Old Babylonian Sippar / Katrien de Graef -- Economic activities of women according to Mari texts (18th century BC) / Nele Ziegler -- Women at work in Mesopotamia : an attempt at a legal perspective / Sophie Démare-Lafont -- Sources for the study of the role of women in the Hittite administration / Matteo Vigo -- Work and gender in Nuzi society / Brigitte Lion -- Women in economic agreements : Emarite sale contracts (Syria, 13th century BC) / Josué J. Justel -- The kubuddau-gift in the Emar texts / Masamichi Yamada -- Women in Elamite royal inscriptions : some observations / Eiko Matsushima -- Women and their activities in divinatory texts / Virginie Muller -- Studying gender : a case study of female administrators in Neo-Assyrian palaces / Saana Svärd -- Historiography on studies dedicated to women and economy during the Neo-Babylonian period / Francis Joannès -- Invisible workers : the role of women in textile production during the 1st millennium BC / Louise Quillien -- Economic activities of women in 1st millennium Babylonia / Yoko Watai -- Beauty experts : female perfume-makers in the 1st millennium BC / Laura Cousin -- Women and prebends in Seleucid Uruk / Julien Monerie -- Women and the economic history of the ancient Greek world : still a challenge for gender studies / Violaine Sebillotte Cuchet

AbstractThis article examines the role of women in Hobbes's economic thought. First, I frame Hobbes's economic thought in relation to his philosophical materialism so as to underscore the extent to which Hobbes's materialism entails the insight that human beings are, by definition, productive, economic creatures. I argue that his description of the economy, even without explicit acknowledgment, necessarily positions women as crucial economic actors. I then consider the implications of this in relation to the feminist possibilities of Hobbes's gender politics. I conclude that when deliberating on this question, we face the same conundrum that is evident in all literature considering Hobbes and gender. His radical comments about women in the state of nature are undermined by his seeming indifference to the state of women in commonwealths once they are founded.

This paper discusses the perceptions- women have of their family roles and the changes these perceptions are undergoing. The 71 women in the sample were interviewed as to their backgrounds and family situations and asked to respond to a questionnarie concerning their perceptions of the role of women. Although Urban women and those with higher educations were more egalitarian in their views, the sample, in general, appeared to no longer subscribe to a highly structured, traditional family ideology. There were, however, certain ambiguities expressed. For example, although the sample (most women were employed outside the home) expressed a basic equality value in the areas of educational opportunity and occupational compensation, the majority believed that men were to be the heads of the family and women's place was in the home.