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The paper asks how the modal shift from road to rail in the freight sector is sup-ported by institutional change. Following North (1990), institutions are understood as the "rules of the game" in the rail freight sector. Based on the literature on institutional change, four different perspectives and mechanisms can be dis-cerned: institutional design, collective action, institutional adaptation, and institu-tional diffusion. Each of these perspectives examines the situation in the German rail freight sector from a different angle. Based on this analysis, processes of institutional change and their potential impact on modal shift are discussed. Fol-lowing the railway reform, new domestic and foreign competitors of DB Cargo have entered the rail freight market with business models tailored to promising segments. At the same time, this competition has triggered a transformative or-ganisational change initiative at DB Cargo, which is currently in the process of implementation. Even though the success of this initiatives is highly uncertain, in total, the described changes are likely to result in a higher competitiveness of the sector and a stronger orientation to customer needs. Furthermore, the road freight sector has increasingly come under political pressure due to its rising GHG emissions and rail transport is increasingly seen as a viable alternative. In this respect, the recently published Master Plan for Rail Transport acts on many re-quirements of the railway sector and foresees a reduction of financial burdens, capacity extensions, and technological innovation. Overall, however, the analysis suggests that the current rate of institutional change may not be sufficient to cause the far-reaching changes necessary for a large scale transformation of the modal split of freight transport. ; Working Paper 3 of the study LowCarb-RFC - European Rail Freight Corridors going Carbon Neutral.

The existence of an adequate infrastructure for the transport of cargoes can boost the business activities and provide a better quality of life in a region. Thus, this study presents an analysis of the demand for rail transport in the microregion of Toledo/PR, in order to identify favorable products to the use of this modal, considering relations of transported quantity, traveled distance and sensitivity to the value of the freight. The used methodology consists of the collection of primary data through unstructured interview and observation, followed by documentary research to collect secondary data, aiming to describe the economic scenery of the microregion and to understand how the cargo movement occurs nowadays. It was found that there isdemand for rail transportation in several products, given economic dynamism, the regional characteristics geared to agribusiness, as well as the lack of investment in this modality, both for the outflow of production and for the arrival of products that dynamize the local and regional economy.

The New Labour government has favoured the deployment of Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs) to provide investment in transport infrastructure. The results of this policy on the railways have, however, been disappointing in terms of cost and efficiency. Public transport PPPs require complex contracts underpinned by regulatory mechanisms in order to maintain performance and safety standards. Moreover, risk transfer is difficult to achieve, as essential infrastructure cannot be left to the ultimate market discipline of bankruptcy.

Artificial intelligence plays a revolutionary role in modern transport systems. The article discusses the role of artificial intelligence in railway transport and its potential impact on the sector. This article presents different types of artificial intelligence technologies used in this sector, explores the advantages of artificial intelligence in this field, and discusses the challenges associated with using artificial intelligence in rail transport. Artificial Intelligence is revolutionary in rail transport systems by enhancing efficiency, safety, and overall performance. There are several ways in which AI influences rail transport and its impact on the cognitive load of human resources. These factors are examined in this article.

healthy economy, diversified and well managed transportation system needs in place. As part of the first GTP, the Federal government has built international and national railway networks. The city of Addis Ababa has gain an opportunity to have 34km of Light Rail Transport line. In order to keep any transportation systems fully functional during its service years, appropriate transport planning and modeling needed. The first step of transport planning and modeling it is to identify the needs for transportation, usually called travel demand modeling. The main objective of this research is to determine Addis Ababa East - West Light Rail travel demand by using the conventional statically oriented and trip based approach of the four step travel demand modeling technique. This modeling principle needs data of, transportation network, city level socio-economic indicators, transportation cost, travel time cost, available means of transport, and other relevant data that dictate mobility and choice of transportation mode. In order to facilitate modeling procedures TransCAD 4.5 modeling tool was utilized. In the course of modeling, Addis Ababa Transport Master Plan study serve as a basic platform for modeling by updating its input variable with 2012 base year data. The 99 Kebels of Addis Ababa used as TAZ's, transportation network developed, regression equations of trip production and attraction with updated variables used. The balanced trip production of the four trip categories, Home Based Work, Home Based Education, Home Based Others, and Non Home Based trips distributed over TAZ's. By deducting percentage of none public transport users, total number of traffics split over the three modes of public transports; Taxi, Bus and Medium Bus; and assigned over the network. By considering LRT as the fourth means of transport in the East - West corridor, traffic modal share recalculated using generalized cost, and percentage share of the four means of transport identified. As the modeling results showed, 3.5 million people reside in Addis Ababa, total number of traffic in the study corridor is 644,400, with 25.9 percentage share 167,200 passengers use LRT per day. Of all the segments, Mexico, Coca, Torhayloch and Stadium area has the highest number LRT user. These and other findings of this research compared with design document of LRT and it is concluded that the base year of 2012 traffic by itself surpass both initial and short term expected design traffic. Therefore, it is highly recommended a quick review of LRT traffic forecast is needed in order to alleviate the current over crowded in East – West LRT line.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyse and compare number of characteristics of passenger rail transport in Poland and selected European Union Member States in the period 2010-2018. Design/Methodology/Approach: The research was performed on the basis of an analysis of statistic data and key performance indicators used in the field, number of passengers, performance (transport activity), train operations, density of railway lines, average number of journeys per one passenger, rail utilisation rate, rail transport demand rate, and passenger rail transport operations rate. Findings: In the years 2010-2018, Polish railway operators transported, on average, 270 million passengers per year, which is close to the figures reported in Austria and Sweden, but much lower than in Germany, France, or Italy. In the year 2018, performance (transport activity) was significantly lower than in the leading EU states (Germany, France, Italy).The utilisation of the available population potential and density of railway lines in passenger rail transport is much higher in most of the analysed EU states than it is in Poland. Practical Implications: The conducted studies demonstrate that passenger rail transport is dynamically developing both in Poland and in other European Union Member States. Given the fact that the market is an important alternative to road transport, powerful demand and supply potential create a compelling case for investment in safety, reliability, travelling comfort and service quality. Originality/Value: This study discusses some timely and important issues associated with passenger rail transport development. The comparative analysis of passenger rail transport market potential in Poland and selected countries demonstrates that there are high reserve capacities in the field. ; peer-reviewed

Purpose: The aim of the study adopted by the authors is an attempt to estimate the national railway potential from the point of view of military needs. Design/Methodology/Approach: The conducted research was focused on seeking for the solutions which could improve organisation of rail transport for the army. Findings: The article presents the condition of Polish railways and the possibility of troop movement by berths, as well as the authors' own (pilot) research carried out in the Movement & Transportation Division - the National Movement Coordination Center, aimed at showing the possibilities of improving and moving the army by rail transport. Practical Implications: The pragmatic dimension of the conducted research was based primarily on two main research trends, i.e., the possibility of use of other carriers (from outside of PKP Group) for the transport of soldiers and the possibilities for the Armed Forces to obtain their own capabilities for rail transport. Research results can be used by entities coordinating the movement of troops by rail, including the Movement & Transportation Division - the National Movement Coordination Center. Originality/Value: The issue of possibilities of movement of the troops by rail and improve the movement of the troops by this type of transport remained outside the area of scientific interest. The proposed solutions assume an elimination of infrastructural barriers and shortages in the adequate number of the means of transport to secure the services of the soldiers for the needs of the Polish Armed Forces and of the allied troops staying on or moving through the territory of the country. ; peer-reviewed

The Millennium Development Goal (MDG) is an embodiment of development issues adopted by member nations of the United Nations Organization to accelerate the rate of development in their countries. As adopted in Nigeria, it aims at the eradication of extreme poverty and hunger; achievement of universal primary education or eradication of illiteracy; promotion of gender equality and empower women; reduction of child mortality; maternal health improvement; combating of HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases; ensuring environmental sustainability; and the development of global partnership for development. These objectives are incorporated into the development agenda of the various member states. The achievement of these goals will among other things depend on the availability of necessary and sufficient infrastructural development in the countries, especially a developed transport system. This study examines the role transportation would play towards the realization of these MDGs in Nigeria. And each of these goals are examined in connection with their transportation factor requirements; and the consequences the lack (or inadequacy) of this factor can bear on fulfilling the Goals. The paper finds that the transport requirements for the achievement of these goals in Nigeria are lacking, especially in the rail transport sector. While appreciable progress is being made to develop the other transport sectors viz: air, road and water transport, the rail transport sector suffers neglect. The paper finds that the law establishing the railway makes the rail system an exclusive reserve of the Federal Government in Nigeria, and that this has prevented private participation in the sector and has led to the underdeveloped nature of rail transport system in the country and this inhibits the achievement of the millennium development goals in the country. The paper recommends the review of the act to allow for private participation in the sector to reposition the sector to provide the necessary transport services necessary for the realization of the millennium development goals in Nigeria. DOI:10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n6p433