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Increased global awareness of the loss of environmental services that derive from deforestation has triggered calls to promote the recovery of tropical forests. I studied two types of community interactions in tropical forest restoration. The first two chapters present the results of applying tools from phylogenetic ecology to tropical forest restoration. I hypothesized that negative biotic interactions, driven mainly by shared deleterious symbionts, would reduce the natural recruitment of closely related species and the performance of planted seedlings beneath a small monoculture tree canopy. I found non-random phylogenetic structure among coexisting natural recruits, and between them and the overstory trees. The natural recruits beneath legume trees were composed mainly of species further related to each other and to the overstory tree than expected by chance (phylogenetically overdispersed), whereas natural recruits beneath non-legume tree species were more closely related to each other than expected (phylogenetically clustered). This pattern was due to the disproportionate recruitment of Piperaceae, an ancestral clade to all other species, under legume canopies; versus abiotic filters beneath non-legumes leading to dominance of the more recently evolved Asteraceae. In planting experiments, I found the lowest performance on seedlings of the same species as the overstory tree. It was not clear whether the decreased performance of conspecifics was driven by shared pathogens with the overstory because there was no significant phylogenetic signal in host sharing among pathogens. These results suggest that phylogenetic ecology provides some useful information about community assembly processes during tropical forest succession that can guide selection of which species to plant. Finally, I assessed a multi-stakeholder governance regime implemented by the Panamanian Government aimed at achieving sustainable development of the Panama Canal Watershed. I found the governance regime creates important spaces for environmental education and communication between the communities and government actors led by top-down power dynamics. However, tangible results are still mostly lacking. The local communities expressed frustration with the lack of projects and quality of life improvements to date, and the Panama Canal Authority struggles to achieve greater collaboration from other government institutions to solve pressing social issues in the watershed.

Intro -- PLANTATIONS -- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 PLANTATION AND NON-PLANTATION BIODIVERSITY VALUES: DISTINCTIONS OF ECONOMIC THEORIES AND MARKET-BASED MECHANISMS TO VALUE ECOSYSTEMS AND UTILIZATION WITHIN AN AUSTRALIAN CONTEXT -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- LINKS BETWEEN BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM VALUE -- INDIRECT AND DIRECT BIODIVERSITY VALUE THEORY -- THE MONETARY VALUE OF BIODIVERSITY -- MARKET AND NON-MARKET BIODIVERSITY VALUATION -- ECOSYSTEM SERVICE VALUATION METHOD AND LIMITATIONS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2 MUSHROOMS AND WOODLANDS: ECOLOGICAL NEXUS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- MUSHROOM INTERDEPENDENCE WITH OTHER BIOTICS -- Practice of Exploiting Edible Mushrooms from the Wild -- Other Explorative Uses -- Forest Community and Litterfall -- MUSHROOMS VERSUS TREES -- DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3 THE USE OF FOREST PLANTATIONS IN THE SEMIARID SAHEL REGIONS: IMPACTS ON THE ABUNDANCE AND DIVERSITY OF SOIL LEGUME-NODULATING RHIZOBIA AND ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGAL COMMUNITIES -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. SOIL MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES: BIOLOGICAL MEANS OF IMPROVING NUTRIENT UPTAKE IN TREES -- 3. INFLUENCE OF THE MAN-MADE TREE SPECIES ON THE INDIGENOUS MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES -- 4. INFLUENCE OF THE MAN-MADE TREE SPECIES ON THE INDIGENOUS SOIL SYMBIOTIC MICROORGANISMS: CASE STUDIES FROM THE FOREST RESERVE OF BANDIA, SENEGAL -- 4.1. Site Description -- 4.2. Influence of the Man-Made Tree Species on the Indigenous LNR Populations -- The Linkages between Plant Species Composition and Soil Microorganisms: What about LNR within Man-Made Tree Plantations? -- 4.3. Influence of the Man-Made Tree Species on the Diversity of Indigenous Mycorrhizal Fungi.

This edited book is focused on SDG 15. This volume covers aspects of species and ecosystem modeling in understanding the complexity of ecological systems, restoration, protected area management, and species conservation. The book follows a systematic and situation-sensitive approach to discuss ecosystem and species modeling tools, approaches, science, case studies, opportunities, and gaps for enhancing conservation efforts, ensuring ecosystem resilience, and addressing sustainability issues. The book emphasizes on science, innovations, case studies, and strategic relevance as main pillars of using ecosystem and species modeling tools and implementing the outcomes and results. In addition, clear conceptual frameworks, elaborated methodologies, and their applications are included to support policy planning and interventions to reduce and reverse human encroachment in human-dominated natural ecosystems, their degradation, and loss of important species and ecosystem services. Essential information with a special focus on advances and opportunities in advancing the implementation of results and outputs of the modeling tools, challenges and constraints for addressing loss of ecosystem services, designing and implementing sustainable landscape restoration, environmental risk assessment, and finally understanding policy implications and concerns for mainstreaming modeling results in conservation planning and decision-making is included in the book. Further topics include ultimate translational value of modeling tools and efforts across transitional ecosystems and species habitat to provide better evidence to influence the nature-based solutions (NbS) and ecosystem health assessment using Red List of Ecosystems (RLE). The emerging roles of integrative socio-ecological as well as techno-cultural factors in promoting the relevance of ecosystem and species modeling is one of the key features of this book. This edited volume is of interest and useful to researchers, students, scholars, policy makers, forest managers, consultants, and policy makers in the fields of protected area management, forest department, conservation, modeling, climate change, and sustainability science, and also authors engaged in IPBES, IPCC, and several other assessments.--

"Printed for the use of the Committee on Governmental Affairs." ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Intro -- Acknowledgments -- Disclaimer -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: River Health and Ecology: Perspective View and Approach -- 1 Introduction -- 2 River Health: Issues and Challenges -- 3 Key Aims of the Book -- 4 Individual Chapters -- References -- Chapter 2: Arthropods: An Important Bio-Indicator to Decipher the Health of the Water of South Asian Rivers -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Monitoring Pollution Using Bioindicator -- 2.1 Various Characteristics that Make an Organism a Bioindicator -- 2.1.1 How to Select a Bioindicator? -- 2.2 Biomonitoring and Bioindicators -- 2.3 Various Advantages of Biomonitoring -- 2.3.1 Biomonitoring Approaches Based on Hopkin (1993): -- 3 Various Aquatic Organisms used as Bioindicators -- 4 Various Arthropod Species Used as a Bioindicator -- 4.1 Class: Insecta -- 4.2 Class: Crustacea -- 5 Arthropods Used as Bioindicators in South Asian Rivers -- 6 Advantages of Biomonitoring the River Ecosystem -- 6.1 Diversity Indices -- 6.2 Multimeric Approaches -- 6.3 Indices of Biological Integrity -- 6.4 Biotic Indices -- 6.5 Multivariate Approaches -- 6.6 Functional Approaches -- 6.6.1 Functional Feeding Groups (FFGs) -- 6.6.2 Multiple Biological Traits -- 6.7 Early Warning Bioindicators -- 6.8 Bioassays Protocols -- 6.9 Widely Used Methods of Biomonitoring in River -- 6.9.1 Measures of the BMWP Scores -- 6.9.2 BMWP-ASPT (Biological Monitoring Working Party Average Score Per Taxon) -- 6.9.3 Percentage of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (%EPT) -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Anthropogenic Stress on River Health: With Special Reference to Kangsabati River, West Bengal, India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Impacts on Riparian Areas -- 3.2 Sand Mining -- 3.3 Agricultural Practices -- 3.4 Construction of Bridge on River.

Restoration ecology, as a scientific discipline, developed from practitioners' efforts to restore degraded land, with interest also coming from applied ecologists attracted by the potential for restoration projects to apply and/or test developing theories on ecosystem development. Since then, forest landscape restoration (FLR) has emerged as a practical approach to forest restoration particularly in developing countries, where an approach which is both large-scale and focuses on meeting human needs is required.Yet despite increased investigation into both the biological and social aspects of FLR, there has so far been little success in systematically integrating these two complementary strands. Bringing experts in landscape studies, natural resource management and forest restoration, together with those experienced in conflict management, environmental economics and urban studies, this book bridges that gap to define the nature and potential of FLR as a truly multidisciplinary approach to a global environmental problem. The book will provide a valuable reference to graduate students and researchers interested in ecological restoration, forest ecology and management, as well as to professionals in environmental restoration, natural resource management, conservation, and environmental policy.

AutossustentabilidadeSuporte à Biosfera -- Objetivos e PadrÃæes do Projeto -- CapÃƯtulo 6. Paisagens e Ecossistemas Semiculturais -- CulturalizaÃão de Paisagens -- Exemplos de Paisagens Semiculturais -- SeleÃão de Objetivos Semiculturais para RestauraÃão -- PARTE III. Como Restauramos -- CapÃƯtulo 7. Referîncias Ecológicas -- Conceito de Referîncia -- Tipos de Ecossistema de Referîncia -- Etapas na PreparaÃão do Modelo de Referîncia -- Referîncias Temporais -- Referîncias na RestauraÃão de Paisagem -- Trajetórias

This work presents the state of the art of aquatic and semi-aquatic ecological restoration projects in The Netherlands. Starting from the conceptual basis of restoration ecology, the successes and failures of hundreds of restoration projects are described. Numerous successful projects are mentioned. In general ecological restoration endeavours greatly benefit from the progressive experience achieved in the course of the years. Failures mainly occur through insufficient application of physical, chemical or ecological principles. Spontaneous colonization by plants and animals, following habitat reconstruction, is preferred. However, sometimes the re-introduction of keystone species (e.g. eelgrass, salmon, beaver) is necessary in case the potential habitats are isolated or fragmented, or if a seed bank is lacking, thus not allowing viable populations to develop. Re-introducing traditional management techniques (e.g. mowing without fertilization, low intensity grazing) is important to rehabilitate the semi-natural and cultural landscapes that are so characteristic for The Netherlands

Intro -- Table of Contents -- Contributors -- Africa 1 -- Agenda 21 5 -- Amazon River basin 6 -- Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition 9 -- Antarctic Treaty 10 -- Aral Sea destruction 12 -- Asia 15 -- Australia and New Zealand 18 -- Balance of nature 21 -- Bioassays 23 -- Biodiversity 24 -- Biodiversity action plans 27 -- Biomagnification 28 -- Biomes 30 -- Bioremediation 32 -- Biosphere 34 -- Biosphere 2 37 -- Boreal forests 39 -- Brundtland, Gro Harlem 40 -- Carson, Rachel 41 -- Central America and the Caribbean 42 -- Chesapeake Bay 46 -- Climax communities 46 -- Cloud forests 47 -- Club of Rome 49 -- Congo River basin 50 -- Coniferous forests 51 -- Conservation biology 52 -- Convention on Biological Diversity 53 -- Coral reefs 54 -- Cultural ecology 55 -- Darwin, Charles 56 -- Dead zones 57 -- Deciduous forests 58 -- Dubos, René 60 -- Earth Day 60 -- Earth Summit 63 -- Ecological footprint 66 -- Ecology as a concept 67 -- Ecology in history 68 -- Ecosystem services 72 -- Ecosystems 73 -- Environmental education 76 -- Environmental refugees 78 -- Environmental security 80 -- Europe 81 -- European Environment Agency 85 -- Everglades 86 -- Food chains 87 -- Gaia hypothesis 89 -- Global Biodiversity Assessment 90 -- Global Environment Facility 91 -- Global 2000 Report, The 92 -- Great Barrier Reef 93 -- Group of Ten 94 -- International Biological Program 95 -- Introduced and exotic species 96 -- Kalahari Desert 99 -- Land clearance 101 -- Limits to Growth, The 102 -- Lovelock, James 103 -- Marsh, George Perkins 105 -- Mendes, Chico 106 -- Middle East 107 -- Narmada River 110 -- National Environmental Policy Act 111 -- National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act 112 -- North America 113 -- Our Common Future 117 -- Rain forests 119 -- Restoration ecology 121 -- St. Lawrence Seaway 122 -- Savannas 124 -- Seabed mining 125 -- South America 128.