Suchergebnisse

I The Physicochemical Processes of Pedogenesis -- and definitions -- 1 Weathering and clay formation -- 2 The dynamics of organic matter -- 3 The movement of material within soils -- 4 General principles of the origin and development of soils -- II Pedogenesis: The Basis of Soil Classification -- 5 Soil classification -- 6 Immature soils and soils with little profile differentiation -- 7 Calcimagnesian soils -- 8 Soils with matured humus: isohumic soils and vertisols -- 9 Brunified soils -- 10 Podzolised soils -- 11 Hydromorphic soils -- 12 Sesquioxide-rich soils -- 13 Salsodic soils.

In 1984, The Indonesian Government and The Netherlands established a project to characterized land and soil conditions of Kali Konto Watershed that highly human populated, due the planning procedure for forest land management model report. Few years after the project, several lands on the area were cultivated intensively due the commercial purposes. The research objectives were: 1) to observe and identify the physical land conditions on Mount Anjasmoro toposequence; 2) to study the soil morphological changes, especially during the land use changes, and 3) define the soils development within the last 20 years. A field research was established in September 2005, in the same location of 1984 research, which depended on landform variations, 5 pedons were taken, known as: KK 28 (Volcanic hill, upper slope), KK 27 (Volcanic colluvial valley, middle slope), KK 39 (Inter volcanic plain, lower slope), KK 40 (Intervolcanic plain, lower slope) and KK 41 (Inter volcanic plain), have been analyzed accurately included soil description and soil sampling. Soil profile descriptions and laboratory analysis showed that every pedons on the Anjasmoro toposequence were changed. Soil morphology changed during the land uses conversion and intensive land cultivations. Land use on KK 28 has changed from natural forest to agricultural dry lands for about 15 years, and the soil classification changed from Typic Hapludands to Andic Dystrudepts. KK 27 has the unchanged land use, which is as an agroforestry land, but has the soil classification changing, Andic Hapludolls to Typic Hapludolls. KK 39 has the land use changing, which only in addition of grass under growth of the main vegetations. Land use changing in KK 39 has the unchanged soil classification, which is Fluventic Hapludolls. KK 40 not only has the unchanged land use, but also soil classification, which is mix garden land for the land use, and the soil classification is Typic Argiudolls. KK 41 has the unchanged land use, which as rice fields, but has the soil classification changing, which is Typic Hapludalfs to Fragic Oxyaquic Hapludalfs

Soilvaries both laterally andvertically overlandscape andtherefore requires properinventory of its attributes forclassification andoptimalutilization. In order to examine the attributes of soils in selected locations in western parts of Akoko Southwest Local Government Area of Ondo state and evaluate its potentialformaize cultivation, six pedons were establishedatOse-Oba (Pedon 1), Ago-Ajayi (Pedon 2), Oyinmo (Pedon 3), Agbanimu (Pedon 4), Araromi (Pedon 5) and Ago-Fulani (Pedon 6). Morphological descriptions of the pedons were carried out and horizons sampled for chemicalanalysis. Pedonswere characterize andclassifiedaccordingto USDA soilTaxonomy andFAO/UNESCO system of soilclassification. The suitability of the study area formaize cultivation wasevaluatedwith non-parametricandparametricsquare-rootmethods. The resultsof morphological andphysicalanalyses revealeddeep (100 - 160 cm) andwelldrainedsoils with increase in clay contentwith depth (argillic). Surface soiltextures were sandy loam underlain by sandy clay loam. Topsoilreaction variedfrom slightly acidicto neutral(pH: 6.43 - 7.09). Percentage organiccarbon andtotal nitrogen were low. The soil were acidic with low base saturation less than 50% by NH4OAc), a requirement for classifying the soil in the order Ultisols following USDA system of soil taxonomy. The appropriate correlation in FAO UNESCO system of classification is Acrisol. All pedons were kandic in nature with ustic moisture regime. Parametric evaluation showed that sites with Pedons 1, 5, and 6 are not currently suitable for maize cultivation, Pedon 4 site is marginally suitable while sites with Pedons 2 and3 are moderately suitable foragriculture. However, potentially, Pedons 5 and 6 are marginally suitable for agriculture. The soil requires varying level of fertility management practices targeted at alleviating its identified constraintto maize productivity.

1 Introduction -- 2 Soil Profile Descriptions -- Soil Horizons -- Color -- Texture -- Structure -- Consistence -- Reaction -- Boundary -- 3 Laboratory Analyses -- Soil Fertility Tests -- Engineering Soils Tests -- Soil Classification Lab Analyses -- Soil Test Kit -- 4 Soil Classification -- Nomenclature -- Maps -- Groupings of Soils -- 5 Computerized Data Processing -- SCS Form 5 -- 6 Engineering Applications -- Community Development -- Waste Disposal -- 7 Agricultural Land Classification -- Land Capability -- Productivity Index -- Land Economics -- Land Use -- 8 Erosion Control -- Soil-Loss Equation -- Evidence of Soil Erosion -- Canadarago Computer Study -- 9 Yield Correlations -- Estimated Yields -- Soil Correlations -- National Programs -- Crop Responses -- Experiment Design -- Sequential Testing -- 10 Archeological Considerations -- New York -- Mesa Verde -- Phoenix -- Tikal -- Sardis -- Mexico City -- Negev Desert -- Rajasthan Desert -- 11 Planning for the Future -- FAO World Soil Map -- Soil Taxonomy -- CRIES -- Benchmark Project -- Soil Quantification -- Conclusions -- Appendix 1 Conversion Factors for U.S. and Metric Units -- Appendix 2 Glossary -- References.

Abstract
The aim of the paper is to evaluate the usefulness of the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) 2015 to classify shallow soils on mountains of the Trialeti Range, Lesser Caucasus, Georgia. The article also presents the evolution of the concept of Leptosols and of the qualifier "Leptic" and the diagnostic property of continuous rock. It also provides approaches to defining keys in the reference soil group (RSG) of Leptosols and identifying principal and supplementary qualifiers in WRB 2015 on example of soils of the Trialeti Range. The article gives few examples of classification for such shallow and stony soils with different set of qualifiers. Most of them fulfil the criteria of Leptosols and Regosols. These soils occur on the mountain range together with other RSGs (e.g. Pheozems). The authors propose to add the qualifier Technolithic to the list of Principal/Supplementary qualifiers of Leptosols.

Agricultural Compendium: For Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics focuses on the development of rural resources in the tropics and subtropics, as well as climate, water control, and animal production. The book first offers information on climate and soil and land classification. Topics include phenomena relevant to agricultural meteorology, classification of climate, parent materials of soils, soil fertility and description, land evaluation, and systems of soil classification. The text then takes a look at geodesy, as well as aerial photography, instruments and accessories, measuri

Traditional Knowledge is an experiential knowledge built by people within a long duration and this knowledge has been decaying with time. Traditional soil taxonomies or classifications are most important in the process of identifying soil degradation. Therefore, this study was focused to ascertain the traditional knowledge used in identification of soil erosion and classification of soil in the Knuckles range of Sri Lanka. Seven Grama Niladhrari Divisions out of 56 laid in Knuckles range were selected as the study area. Out of 346 families living in the study area, 120 families were selected by employing simple random sampling method. Data was collected through questionnaires, interviews, observations and transect walks while international and local soil classification methods were applied for scientific validation. In this study four (04) traditional methods used to classify the soil was identified. Based on 6 different indigenous criteria, three (03) main soil types and 15 sub soil types were identified. Further, types of components existing in each indigenous soil type were identified using a soil index which comprises of 16 type of materials while nine (09) soil samples and nine (09) soil profiles were scientifically validated through international and local soil classification. The traditional soil taxonomy found in this research can be applied for identifying and minimizing the degradation of soil and securing the quality of the environment. Comparative studies between the scientific and traditional science like this would expose and disseminate more and more possibilities on future studies.

The content, legends and methods of designing the basic soil maps in complex regional atlases published over the past 60 years were analyzed. The atlases were grouped in accordance with the time of publication and potential users. The main attention was paid to the content and conceptual background of maps, their compliance with the rules and experience of traditional soil mapping in Russia, as well as to the requirements for soil maps, i. e. completeness of information with new knowledge included, visual clarity and readability. The content of maps is assessed in the following aspects: natural soils, presence of human-modified soils, classification used, soil cover composition and pattern, relief, and soil texture. The legends were evaluated in terms of information on soils and presentation of the mapping concepts, namely, legend structure, the number of units and the order of soils in the legend; methods of cartographic presentation were discussed as well. Soil maps in the atlases dating from the second half of the last century were compiled in accordance with the zonality concept; the soils basically corresponded to the USSR soil classification (1977) with some additions. In the atlases of the latest period, there are several maps compiled according to the new classification of soils in Russia. Soil maps in the atlases mostly used standard cartographic techniques; at present a certain deviation from the rules and standards of traditional soil cartography is obvious, which affects the information content and visual clarity of maps

The purpose of this research is to get an overview of classification and consistency according to the type of soil for each point sondir based on data sondir that party planners, implementers and technical agencies can know how much ability of soil to support the load of the building. This map can provide early information to the public if it will establish a building Pontianak city region. The target in particular is a map of the research could be used by local governments as a reference for the construction of buildings in the city of Pontianak. To achieve these targets, action has to be done is to probe the ground in Pontianak by first mengkalisifikasikan soil conditions have in common with other locations. Keywords: soil classification, soil consistency, sondir.

Abstract
There is a considerable amount of confusion in soil-related topics at all levels of Slovenian education. The fundamental problem is the use of the term "soil". We use several different terms for more or less the same natural phenomenon. Other problems include the lack of an official Slovenian soil classification, the occasional use of out-of-date soil topics in primary and secondary education, the inexpert use of soil names for soil types of the World, and very few higher education soil specialisations. There are a lot of existing initiatives to improve the current state, but there are still a lot of obstacles impeding this process.