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Purpose: Active sport tourism is one of the fastest rising leisure segments. Considering the extensive growth of both the millennial and baby boomers generation in this sector, there are large-scale economic potentials for tourism practitioners. The aim of this study is to explore the characterics of baby boomers and millennial active sport tourists and to differentiate them by relevant factors.
Methods: Applying a qualitative research design numerical data is collected by using online surveys about the characteristics, needs and motivations of baby boomer and millennial active sport tourists.
Results: Significant differences were found between the groups regarding social-economic characteristics (gender, education level, marital status and income) and motivations. For millennials, 'Escaping from daily routine'', 'Thrill & sensation', 'Overcoming challenges' and 'Adrenalin' appeared as relevant motivations. For baby boomers, 'Health' highlights as a principal motivation. Recommendations for professionals in the sector are suggested.
Implications: Current study was considered to be important due to an extensive growth seen for both the millennial and baby boomers generation in the active sport tourism market and considering the fact that limited understanding of the characteristics, needs and motives was contradicting this enormous growth in the market. Differences were found between the millennial and the baby boomer active sport tourists.

In dem vorliegenden Open-Access-Buch identifizieren Studierende und Lehrende interprofessionell Entwicklungen und Problemfelder der Assistiven Technologien. Diese halten zunehmend Einzug ins Leben versorgungsbedürftiger, häufig älterer Menschen. Nach einigen Jahren der Entwicklung kann konstatiert werden, dass der Transfer von Entwicklung zur Anwendung im Alltag infolge unterschiedlicher Perspektiven und Zielsetzungen nur unzureichend stattfindet. Die Beitragsautoren bieten kreative Lösungsansätze, die zu einer nachhaltigen Umsetzung führen sollen.​​ Dies ist ein Open-Access-Buch.

Local governments in Europe have a vital role in promoting physical activity in the daily life of citizens. However, explicit investment in active living has been limited. One of the four core themes for Phase IV (2003–2008) of the World Health Organization (WHO) European Healthy Cities Network (WHO-EHCN) was to encourage local governments and their partners to implement programs in favor of active living. This study analyzes the performance of network cities during this period. Responses to a general evaluation questionnaire are analyzed by content according to a checklist, and categorized into themes and dimensions. Most cities viewed "active living" as an important issue for urban planning; to improve visual appeal, enhance social cohesion, create a more sustainable transport system to promote walkability and cyclability and to reduce inequalities in public health. Almost all member cities reported on existing policies that support the promotion of active living. However, only eight (of the 59) responding cities mentioned an integrated framework specific for active living. Many efforts to promote active living are nested in programs to prevent obesity among adults or children. Future challenges include establishing integrated policies specifically for active living, introducing a larger range of actions, as well as increasing funding and capacity to make a difference at the population level.

The rationalities of advanced liberalism shape the call for people to be more responsible for 'being active and eating well' [Dean, M. (1999). Governmentality: Power and rule in modern society. London: Sage; Petersen, A., & Lupton, D. (1997). The new public health. London: Sage], even those living with social disadvantage. We draw upon qualitative data to examine how sport and recreation policy and program officers within state and local levels of government frame and interpret the 'active living imperative' for healthy lifestyles. Our analysis identified major policy tensions between different levels of government that directly affect the success of government initiatives to increase physical activity. We present our analysis of four main themes: (1) the rise of the health agenda in sport and recreation policy and sport and recreation services enhanced role in health promotion; (2) the obesity epidemic as the instigator for the policy shift in sport and recreation; (3) tensions between government agendas and competing priorities; and (4) governments' proposed solutions to support active leisure in communities. Our analysis of the sport/recreation sector revealed competing priorities with the health promotion focus on reducing lifestyle risk and a need for more strategic cooperation between levels of government and different departments.

The predicament many communities face with obesity and other diseases related to sedentary lifestyles has brought to light the symbiotic relationship between the built environment and active living. In this context, architectural and planning research has a crucial role to play and the significance of a conceptual framework that incorporates insights from multiple design disciplines and scales is of paramount importance. This paper focuses on the analytic framework of research that affords potential improvements in the parks and recreation system with the objective of promoting active living in Pennsylvania's Pottstown Area. The approach centers on planning and design strategies for improving the health and wellbeing of residents. It highlights critical issues the area is confronting in terms of growth, sprawl, land loss, access to opportunities at parks and recreation facilities, and programs that affect active living. The analytic framework is informed by The Ecological Model of Four Domains of Active Living developed by Sallis et al. (2006). According to this model active living occurs in four domains of life that include: active recreation, active transportation, household activities, and occupational activities. Our research underscored two of the four domains of active living identified in the model: active recreation and active transportation. The framework recognizes that though it is useful to conceptualize the two domains separately, in actual practice they are closely intertwined. The structure of the study holistically incorporated both domains of active living in the context of distinct levels of influence, which included the neighborhood and policy environments. The analytic framework facilitated a substantive assessment of crucial aspects of existing parks and recreation facilities. This research has contributed substantially to providing a framework for socially relevant, environmentally feasible, and politically viable strategies. The framework it proposes would guide municipalities and planning or design agencies involved in the research process.

Abstract
Drawing on five case studies, Lawrence D. Brown's Political Exercise: Active Living, Public Policy, and the Built Environment (2022) examines the complex path to fruition of comprehensive policy approaches. The health-promotion approach called active living, or modifying the built environment to encourage physical exercise in everyday life, experienced a peak of interest in parts of two decades. Looking at five very different places (Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania; Louisville, Kentucky; Albuquerque, New Mexico; Sacramento, California; and New York, New York), Brown explores how difficult it is to implement active living in practice. Brown argues that active living is perceived by many to be a good thing. However, few organizations or parts of government see it as their main focus. It requires substantial collaborative work, which is typically difficult. Implementing active living requires strategies beyond the typical public health toolkit, including those from urban planning. Brown introduces the term implementation sensitivity to explain policies that are susceptible to dissonance between policy aims and political realities. Obstacles faced by policy proponents include local particularities that make it hard to transfer or scale up solutions, intersectoral pluralism or multiple lines of authority, and the need for effective champions. The path from policy to implementation is not linear but iterative.

Intro -- Table of Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Wilkes-Barre: Active Living on the Trail to Recovery -- 2. Louisville: The Politics of Piecemeal Progress -- 3. Albuquerque: Reshaping a Cultural Landscape -- 4. Sacramento: Active Living as a Breath of Fresh Air -- 5. New York City: Flourishing at the Margins of Policy -- 6. Evaluation Meets Implementation: The Struggle for the Real -- Conclusion: Active Living and Beyond: Bringing Implementation Back Into Health Promotion -- Notes -- References -- Index

Title Page -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Preface -- Prologue -- Chapter 1: A Life-Changing Diagnosis -- Chapter 2: My Early Years with Diabetes -- Chapter 3: A Summer in Alaska -- Chapter 4: Growing Up Mystrom -- Chapter 5: North to Alaska for Good -- Chapter 6: Building a Life in Alaska -- Chapter 7: A Growing Business, a Caring Doctor, and Alaskan Politics -- Chapter 8: Political Office, Extreme Low Blood Sugar, and an Insulin Pump -- Chapter 9: Lots of Travel with Very Few Blood Sugar Problems -- Chapter 10: Alaska's Olympic Dreams -- Chapter 11: Alaska's International Olympic Bids -- Chapter 12: "The End of a Golden Era" -- Chapter 13: Good Diabetic Health Saves My Legs -- Chapter 14: Two Terms as Mayor of Anchorage -- Chapter 15: The Steps to a Healthy Life with Diabetes -- Summary -- Epilogue -- The Enjoyment of a Healthy Lifestyle -- The Family Rewards of a Healthy Lifestyle -- Two of the many reasons we love living in Alaska -- Index.

The embodied woman is central to much marketing communication imagery and, in contemporary discourses the physically active body is portrayed as the healthy role model in much social marketing. From a periodization of women's access to physical activities, three significant shifts in perception and representation are proposed: the Restricted body, the Malleable body and the Viewed body. Women activists and advertisers connected the freedom to engage in physical activity with social freedoms. A closer examination of second wave feminism reveals the inadequacies of sex role theory, and the limitations of liberal feminist dualisms. In contemporary culture, the interconnected nature of media representations, marketing communications and postfeminism becomes evident. The mobilization of bias through ritualized visibility is introduced to explain the unabated valorization of hegemonic masculinity through images of men's active embodiment. Further, it is asserted that the inequalities of the neo-liberal identity project are obscured by 'new traditionalism'. The paper concludes that marketing's theorization of women would benefit from further consumer research into both the portrayal of physically active women and their experience of active embodiment.

Factors including internal local government functioning, collaboration and the use of co-benefits have been noted to assist in the uptake of healthy planning policies and projects by local governments. However, less commonly noted is a possible reverse relationship: that implementation of healthy planning projects can contribute positively to organisational functioning and collaboration, and can result in a range of co-benefits that then can be used to support projects. Such a concept is explored in this paper, with a focus at the local government level in Australia. Findings from surveys with local government practitioners and in-depth interviews with healthy planning and community health advocates are presented. The findings indicate four key areas through which the implementation of healthy planning policies and projects and active living initiatives demonstrates a 'virtuous cycle'. These areas include (1) project 'wind-up', or circumstances in which implementation and/or health outcomes exceed initial expectations; (2) improved partnerships that can create opportunities for future initiatives; (3) improved internal organisational functioning; and (4) greater project sustainability. The paper concludes by exploring some possible repercussions of these emerging findings, which indicate that beneficial settings to healthy planning considerations can be a result of as well as a contributor to healthy planning and active living initiative implementation. In turn, this presents another potential co-benefit of project uptake and implementation to those commonly identified.

BackgroundThe impacts of the built environment on health is a widely studied international area of research. One area of research is how urban morphology (e.g. active living environments, also known as neighbourhood walkability) may promote healthy behaviour within a population. However urban morphology and data relating to the built environment varies across different countries.
ObjectivesOne of the challenges in international studies is producing consistent, comparable measures of the built environment, in this case active living environments. As part of a study which compares the impact of neighbourhood environments on health outcomes for patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), neighbourhood-level measures for walkable environments were derived for Canada and Wales using Geographic Information Systems (GIS).
MethodsUsing method based upon the Canadian Active Living Environments Database (Can-ALE) we created walkability indicators for Wales, UK. We created GIS models using OpenStreetMap and Office for National Statistics (ONS) Open Data to produce walkability metrics for each Lower Layer Super Output Area (LSOA) in Wales for linkage into the SAIL databank. We compared the GIS generated walkability metrics for Wales with those produced for Canada to evaluate whether the GIS methods are internationally transferable in the context of generating walkability indictors and associations with T2D.
FindingsThis work highlights the challenges in creating internationally comparable environmental exposure metrics. The differences in urban morphology and scale in Canada and Wales are significant, however this work demonstrates how with considered methodological choices these differences can be overcome to generate comparable built environment indicators.
ConclusionsThe generation of comparable walkability indicators for the built environment has allowed subsequent analysis into hospital admissions for people living with T2D in Caranda and Wales. This study has wider implications for international research into the impacts of the built environment on population health and are reproducible on future studies.