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Translated from Voprosy Istorii KPSS, no. 8, 1973.

Two approaches to ideology that view it as a belief system & as a form of discourse are contrasted, & an argument is made for the latter. Viewing ideology as a discourse enables a more adequate account of the diversity of beliefs among members of an ideological movement, & also locates its causal power at the level of social conventions rather than within individual psychology. This theoretical discussion is linked with the case of Soviet-type societies, serving as the basis for a reinterpretation of ideology's role in the maintenance & more recent decline of these political systems.

This article examines certain issues in postwar economic theory and compares them with related issues in the nascent fields of cybernetics, industrial dynamics, and operations research. Because all these fields had close connections to MIT, the comparison provides an opportunity to assess to what degree a peculiar MIT "style" of economics, developed particularly by Paul Samuelson and Robert Solow, could be attributed to the MIT context, and to what degree this style developed in dialogue with a larger conversation taking place in and around the American economic profession as a whole. It is concluded that there were significant affinities in theoretical interest running between MIT economics and other fields at MIT, which revolved around the emergence of macro-scale phenomena out of the dynamic interplay of local decision-making processes. However, the methodology through which Samuelson and Solow, in particular, addressed these issues was peculiar to economic discourse.

The article contrasts two approaches to ideology which view it, respectively, as a belief system and as a form of discourse, and argues for the second. Viewing ideology as a belief system involves unwarranted assumptions about the uniformity of convictions among the adherents of an ideology and reduces its causal power to its contingent capacity to condition beliefs. Viewing ideology as a discourse enables a more adequate account of the diversity of beliefs among members of an ideological movement and also locates its causal power at the level of social conventions rather than individual psychology. The power of ideology is based on respect, not faith. This theoretical discussion is linked with the case of Soviet-type societies, serving as the basis for a reinterpretation of ideology's role in the maintenance and more recent decline of these political systems.

The article is devoted to the theoretical aspects of the study of political processes of the period of colonial conquest of Kazakh lands by neighboring countries, in particular, the problem of their political and legal status. It is concluded that further development of the complex and intricate problems of national history with the objective position depends on the right solutions of these issues. There has been reviewed and analyzed a number of political, socio-economic factors and the factors determining the relationship between Kazakhstan and Russia in XVIII - XIX centuries. Also the Russia's military actions in Kazakhstan are characterized. DOI:10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n2s4p17