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This article explores how the shift from print to electronic calendars materializes and exacerbates a distinctively quantitative, "spreadsheet" orientation to time. Drawing on interviews with engineers, I argue that calendaring systems are emblematic of a larger design rationale in Silicon Valley to mechanize human thought and action in order to make them more efficient and reliable. The belief that technology can be profitably employed to control and manage time has a long history and continues to animate contemporary sociotechnical imaginaries of what automation will deliver. In the current moment we live in the age of the algorithm and machine learning, so it is no wonder, then, that the contemporary design of digital calendars is driven by a vision of intelligent time management. As I go on to show in the second part of the article, this vision is increasingly realized in the form of intelligent digital assistants whose tracking capacities and behavioral algorithms aim to solve life's existential problem—how best to organize the time of our lives. This article contributes to STS scholarship on the role of technological artifacts in generating new temporalities that shape people's perception of time, how they act in the world, and how they understand themselves.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to propose an integrative model of time management, and in particular develop a scale to measure organizational variables which would facilitate and support time management practices. The research also examined whether the time management environment is related to turnover intentions and stress.Design/methodology/approachThree studies are reported. Study 1 sampled 262 employees from 20 organizations and these data were used for the initial factor analysis of the time management environment (TiME) scale. Study 2 sampled 205 employees from an aircraft maintenance organization, and these data were used to further refine the factor structure of the TiME scale, to conduct a CFA, examine the relationship between the TiME scale factors and turnover intentions, and to examine the test‐retest reliability of the TiME scale. Study 3 sampled 156 employees across eight organizations, and these data were used to examine the relationship between the TiME scale factors and stress.FindingsThe TiME scale has five factors, and each has acceptable internal consistency and test‐retest reliability. TiME scale factor scores were negatively correlated with both turnover intentions and stress.Research limitations/implicationsThe research did not examine the convergent and discriminant validity of the TiME scale.Practical implicationsThe TiME scale provides for the assessment of whether an organization's environment is facilitating and supporting its employees' attempts to engage in time management, and can also be used as a measure of transfer climate for time management training interventions.Originality/valueThe TiME scale addresses a gap in the time management literature. It has considerable applied value, and along with our integrative model should allow for the development of a more complex understanding of the time management process.

Research at the University of New South Wales with Defence Force Academy students found time-management skills significantly improve the academic results of male students but not female students when controlling for the usual effect of prior academic ability. While much previous research has revealed a positive link between time management and academic results within civilian environments, there is a lack of research on this link in dual-military or employment and academic settings. Our research also extends on many national and international studies' by researching the efficacy of a direct training intervention in time-management skills. The study is unique in evaluating the size of the likely effect on academic results. This study used a mixed-methods evaluation design and a standardised questionnaire to compare two groups of 70 first-year undergraduate students. The experimental group were taught time-management skills in a workshop setting, while a control group did not attend time-management workshops. While the time-management workshop interventions did not improve the academic performance of female students, female students did benefit comparably to males in fewer subject failings and improved attitudes towards time-management attributes. The findings confirm an effect between time-management skills and academic success that offers substantial savings from fewer lost students. Recommendations are made to improve time-management skills and academic performance for all transitioning university students and examine if this significant effect translates to other initial training employment.

Time should be understood in relation to others, not as a private matter. Therefore time, including its use and experience, is subject to negotiations, power relations and inequality. This article utilises the concept of the household economy and the household money management systems model to explore couples' practices in relation to time. The research questions are: what time management systems can be identified, and how are couples differentiated? The study uses interview data from 22 heterosexual couples (44 individuals) interviewed in 2016 in different parts of Finland. The analysis identifies four types of time management system: (a) a female-managed system, (b) a male-managed system, (c) a pooling system, and (d) an independent management system. The study contributes to existing research on time and the family by identifying couples' time management systems and social aspects of time.

With business and institution managers as the research subjects, 170 questionnaires were collected through mail and on‐the‐spot investigation. The results were: Forming time management effectiveness scale (TMES) including 11 inner factors; female manager is lower than male in total time management effectiveness; the total amount of male manager's working time per week adds up to 52.489 hours and female manager's 46.438 hours. Differences are seen in the amount and structure of working time as well as non‐working time. Finally, there is no significant difference between male and female managers in the serious degree of each wasting time factor but difference in sequence. The results here can serve as a reference for further studying and developing time management theory, for probing into the gender differences in time management, and will improve managers' management practice.

Basic Concepts of Time Management -- The Time Log: Analyzing How You Use Your Time -- Analyzing the Time Problems of Your Work Team -- Self-Assessment -- Setting Goals and Priorities -- The Action Plan -- Planning Guides and Daily Schedules -- Controlling Interruptions, Crises, and Routine Paperwork -- Effective Delegation -- Improving Meetings: A Key to Effective Teamwork -- Procrastination -- Your Monday Morning In-Basket -- Completing the Cycle: Repeated Analysis and Follow-Up -- Forms, Worksheets, and Planning Guides -- Time Log: Two-day calendar, with 15-minute intervals -- Time Robber Analysis -- Self-Assessment and Goals -- Goals -- Goal Analysis -- Action Plan -- Manager's Weekly Planning Guide -- Salesperson's Weekly Planning Guide -- Homemaker's Weekly Planning Guide -- Trip Plan -- Twelve-Month Calendar -- Analyzing Interruptions: Phone Calls -- Analyzing Interruptions: Drop-in visitors -- Analyzing Interruptions: Unscheduled Meetings -- Analyzing Interruptions: Other Causes -- Analyzing Interruptions: Routine Paperwork -- Meeting Participant Profile -- Meeting Agenda and Preparation -- Record of Minutes and Meeting Evaluation -- In-Basket Exercise -- Recommended Time Management Resources

Learning online or online is the right choice, to minimize the spread of the corona virus 19. The Indonesian government through the Minister of Education and Culture announced that the learning process that had been carried out face-to-face in schools had shifted to learning done from home during the Covid 19 pandemic. But at that time students are expected to be able to organize themselves and become disciplined in online learning. This paper analyzed the importance of time management in learning English during online class. Research question included (1). Is managing time well important during online learning? (2). Does managing time well affect the success of students taking online class? (3). Do students need to keep practice their English even if online learning is implemented? This study is a qualitative research design, and the questionnaires were distributed online to students from different major via google form. There were 43 respondents in this study. According to the study's findings, 90,7% Strongly Agree that having a good time management during online learning is important and 90,7% Strongly Agree that their time management skill need more improvement.Keywords: Covid 19; Learning English; Online class; Time management