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'"Social medicine", a concept notably developed in Latin America by Salvador Allende in the 1930s, links up a broader model and ethos of public health with processes of social transformation. In recent years that influence has spread to Timor Leste, through a very large Cuban health cooperation and training program. This paper considers to what extent an endogenous "social medicine" might be developing in Timor Leste. Such a development would require transition away from the existing model based on small, private clinics. The paper accepts Guzmán's observation that Latin American social medicine is a wider, more dynamic and participatory model than that presented from European epidemiology – the 'social determinants' approach – but asserts that there are different forms of social medicine, conditioned by distinct histories and cultures. If earlier Chilean social medicine was a key element of that country's radical social democracy, and Cuban social medicine expressed revolutionary solidarity and internationalism, what might be the character of an East Timorese social medicine? This paper traces the idea of 'social medicine' from Chile, through Cuban solidarity aid, to the synthesis emerging in Timor Leste. This is an interpretive history, making use of past analyses, contemporary information on the Cuba-Timor Leste health program and the East Timorese responses. It includes a number of interviews and direct observations of pedagogy and practice. It concludes that a transition to social medicine in Timor Leste has some advantages: the large scale of the new training program; a sympathetic culture; and potential leadership. Less certain is the exact form of East Timorese social medicine. However the ideas seem set to be absorbed into a domestic culture of community solidarity, inclusive Christianity, and an independent spirit.

Cover -- CONTENTS -- CONTEXT -- RECENT DEVELOPMENTS AND OUTLOOK -- A. Recent Developments -- B. Outlook and Risks -- POLICY DISCUSSIONS: FACILITATING SUSTAINABLE GROWTH -- A. Fiscal Policy -- B. Financial Policy: Safeguarding Stability and Inclusion -- C. Structural Reforms: Enabling Private Sector Diversification -- D. Statistics and Technical Assistance -- STAFF APPRAISAL -- BOXES -- 1. Macroeconomic Impact under Different Fiscal Policy Scenarios -- 2. External Competitiveness -- FIGURES -- 1. Real Sector Developments -- 2. Developments in the Petroleum Fund -- 3. Fiscal Developments

When Timor-Leste gained independence in 2002 one of its most pressing priorities was to build a functioning police force to help ensure peace, stability, and justice. Establishing Polícia Nacional de Timor-Leste (PNTL) required the government to address significant challenges related to limitations of experience, resources, and institutional systems. From the beginning, the government, along with international development partners, was focused on strengthening safety and security in Timor-Leste through community-focused approaches to policing. The concept of community policing can mean many things to many people, however, all models share a focus on addressing potential or actual security problems through strong relationships between police officers and citizens. Community policing helps communities by preventing disputes and allowing for constructive, evidence-based responses to disputes after they have occurred. Community policing helps police by improving their access to information and ties to the communities they work in. Community policing helps governments by building people's trust and understanding of the state's institutions and processes of law enforcement.

An ambassador of Portugal describes the diplomatic processes through which the desire of the people of East Timor for independence was brought to the attention of the UN General Assembly and Security Council, eventually weakening the determination of Indonesia to remain in control. Included in a collection of articles under the cover title "As Nações Unidas, a Indonésia e Timor-Leste".

The Asia Foundation has been implementing programs aimed at strengthening local governance in Timor-Leste since 2009. These programs endeavor to increase the capacity of local leaders and help build ties between community members, local leadership, and municipal and national level government. The Foundation's local governance programs recognize the importance of community knowledge and expertise in addressing local needs, including peace and security, and adopt a "bottom-up" approach to foster participation and empower communities in the process of their own development.

Economic Diversity in Contemporary Timor-Leste analyses various economic dynamics in past and present Timor-Leste. Comprising 14 research chapters, the volume brings to the fore: 1) local, community-based economic values and arrangements; 2) community-based entanglements with a market-driven economy; 3) the colonial and postcolonial governance praxis through which a market-driven economy has permeated the country, and 4) the creative and place-based ways through which local people have responded to these transformations. The collection challenges hegemonic, market-driven analyses which characterise Timor-Leste's economy as weak, deformed and homogenised and demonstrates the myriad of socially embedded ways through which Timor-Leste's economy is diverse, richly complex and continually brought into being. To frame the analysis of these complex economic dynamics in Timor-Leste, the collection's introduction develops the concept of economic ecologies: the assemblages of institutions and their localised and historical relationships mobilised for reproducing collective life, both in its material and immaterial aspects.

"Osttimors Weg vom Status einer portugiesischen Überseeprovinz hin zu einer unabhängigen Republik war lang und geprägt von Gewalt: 24 Jahre währte der Bürgerkrieg, bis endlich 2002 mithilfe der Vereinten Nationen Timor-Leste ein eigenständiger Staat wurde. Allerdings wird auch heute die internationale Unterstützung benötigt, damit die junge Republik überleben kann." (Autorenreferat)

"Am 11. Februar wurden auf Präsident José Ramos-Horta und Ministerpräsident Xanana Gusmao Anschläge verübt. Beide überlebten, Ramos-Horta wurde jedoch schwer verletzt. Sechs Jahre nach seiner Unabhängigkeit hat Timor-Leste (bis 2002: Osttimor) auf dem Weg zu einer stabilen Demokratie erneut einen Rückschlag erlitten: Die Angriffe auf Ramos-Horta und Gusmao machen deutlich, dass trotz eines Regierungswechsels 2007 drängende Probleme der Postkonfliktgesellschaft nicht gelöst wurden. Die blutige Vergangenheit Timor-Lestes wirkt bis heute nach: Die Gesellschaft ist von der Gewalt der letzten Jahrzehnte traumatisiert, ihre politische Führung zerstritten. Politik und Gesellschaft müssen lernen, Konflikte gewaltfrei zu lösen. Dringend geboten ist eine grundlegende Reform des Sicherheitssektors: Armee und Polizei müssen professionalisiert und der Instrumentalisierung durch einzelne Politiker entzogen werden. Erste Schritte in diese Richtung wurden bereits unternommen und sollten konsequent weiterverfolgt werden. Der Schlüssel für eine stabile und demokratische Entwicklung liegt in der Stärkung der staatlichen Institutionen und insbesondere des Justizwesens: Aufgrund mangelnder personeller und finanzieller Ausstattung der Gerichte ist die Strafverfolgung unzureichend. Timor-Leste ist das ärmste Land Asiens: Aus der Armut speisen sich Frustration und Unzufriedenheit einer Bevölkerung, die rasant wächst. Nur wenn es gelingt, die Lebensbedingungen in kurzer Zeit zu verbessern, hat die Demokratie eine Chance. Die gescheiterten Anschläge sind ein Weckruf für alle Verantwortlichen. Das Ende des 'Rebellenführers' Reinado bietet die Chance, die Sicherheitsprobleme des Landes zu lösen und die Staatskrise von 2006 zu überwinden." (Autorenreferat)