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Consistencies in risk-taking behavior were investigated in a multi-method, convergent validity study of 13 risk-related measures. Fifty-six student nurses served as subjects. As with earlier studies, a general convergence was not found. However, factor analysis of the correlations indicated
two qualitatively different kinds of dimensions. In addition to five strategy traits, a single motivational trait was identified. The motivational trait was interpreted as identifying a person's general willingness to approach or avoid risk situations. Data, independent of the factor
analysis, supported the approach-avoidance construct. The results suggest (a) a redefinition of risk-taking as a personality trait; and (b) that consistencies in risk behavior do occur across a variety of situations.

The study of foreign policy attitudes lies at the intersection of political psychology and international relations. Despite a shared interest in both fields in the psychological bases of political phenomena, research exploring the links between personality traits and foreign policy attitudes is scarce. This article pursues a set of questions intended to bring these agendas together. Do personality traits influence attitudes toward foreign policy? Are the links between personality traits and foreign policy the same, or do they differ across different national contexts? In exploring these questions, this article draws on data from a series of large-scale public opinion surveys in six western democracies: the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Canada, and Australia.

Prior expectations are an important determining factor of how citizens evaluate politicians, government and public services. Typically, citizen expectations are divided into two main categories: predictive ("will") expectations and normative ("should") expectations. Theories of expectations say that predictive expectations are the sterile and indifferent prediction of future events, while normative expectations have a foundation in personal norms and values and express how the world should look according to the individual. Therefore, normative expectations should have antecedents more closely related to the individual's personality than predictive expectations. However, these theoretical claims regarding the nature of the two different expectation types have not yet been tested empirically. Examining broad personality traits (Big Five) and The Maximizing Tendency trait, this exploratory study analyzes whether different personality antecedents explain the two types of expectations. Results show that the personality traits agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness correlate positively, and extraversion negatively, with normative expectations. None of the traits correlate with predictive expectations. These results have implications for politicians' efforts to shape citizens' expectations, the citizen satisfaction literature, including work considering the expectation-disconfirmation model, and for further research on citizen expectations.

This study presents the first behavioral genetic investigation of the relationships between trait emotional intelligence (trait EI or trait emotional self-efficacy) and the Dark Triad traits of narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. In line with trait EI theory, the construct correlated positively with narcissism, but negatively with the other two traits. Generally, the correlations were consistent across the 4 factors and 15 facets of the construct. Cholesky decomposition analysis revealed that the phenotypic associations were primarily due to correlated genetic factors and secondarily due to correlated nonshared environmental factors, with shared environmental factors being nonsignificant in all cases. Results are discussed from the perspective of trait EI theory with particular reference to the issue of adaptive value.

À l'aide d'un jeu de biens publics dans lequel les participants peuvent sélectionner leurs groupes, nous examinons le rôle que joue la personnalité dans le comportement de contributions et dans la sélection du groupe grâce à la variation des informations disponibles sur les groupes. Nous constatons que lorsque les participants ont uniquement accès aux informations sur les profils de personnalité moyens des membres du groupe, il existe une relation fiable entre traits de personnalité et comportement de contribution, et les participants qui sont plus agréables que la moyenne des membres de leur groupe ont plus de chances de rester dans leur groupe. Cependant, lorsque les participants ont accès aux informations sur l'historique des contributions des membres du groupe, à la fois en isolation ou en plus des informations sur la personnalité, le lien entre traits de personnalité et comportement de contribution varie et il n'existe plus de relation fiable entre la personnalité et la mobilité. JEL Codes: C92, H41.

Personality traits are considered efficient predictors of offline political participation. However, the effects of personality traits on online political engagement have been largely understudied. The main goal of this cross-sectional research (N = 1134, sample of young adults) was to investigate the relationships between personality traits, as measured by the Big Five Inventory, and online political engagement. As dependent variables, we took three dimensions of online political engagement: e-targeted, e-expressive, and e-news. A latent variables structural equation model showed that personality traits directly and indirectly predict modes of online political engagement via the mediation of political attitudes and the proneness to use Internet. On the whole, we found that people open to experience and extraverts take part in online political actions, whereas agreeable and conscientious tend to avoid them. The findings provide insights on the differences between traditional form (i.e. offline) and the new online modes of political engagement by showing that, to some extent, the latter appeal to different personality profiles. In sum online engagement seems to be marked by a personality divide.

A personality study was carried out using 100 Summa Cum Laude college students: 50 males and 50 females matched on race, age, sex, and education with normal control subjects. The subjects were white and attended several universities. Each subject was administered the full scale MMPI
of 566 questions. For the males, statistically significant differences were found on six subscales. These were Hysteria, Psychopathic Deviate, Masculinity/Femininity, Psychasthenia, Schizophrenia and Social Inversion. For the females, statistically significant differences were found for
the same subscales as for the males except for the Si (social inversion subscale. Statistical analysis of the data were computed using Fisher's t-test to test for intergroup differences. The high achieving males and the high achieving females showed highly similar personality profiles.
The mean profile differences were interpreted and the following are the major findings: a. The high achieving male subjects differed statistically on six subscales from their paired mates: Hy, Pd, Mf, Pt, Sc and Si. The high achieving female subjects differed from their controls on five subscales:
Hy, Pd, Mf, Pt, and Sc. b. The results reveal more negative personality traits than have, heretofore, been reported by other investigations of the gifted college student. c. A high degree of similarity was noted between the mean MMPI profiles of the high achieving males and the high achieving
females except for the social inversion subscale. d. The results suggest that certain personality traits are associated with high academic achievement. These traits are not necessarily those considered to be healthy or desirable traits.