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"The NBER Bulletin on Aging and Health provides summaries of publications like this. You can sign up to receive the NBER Bulletin on Aging and Health by email. Since Brazil's adoption of a universal health care policy in 1988, the country's health care has been delivered by a mix of private providers and free public providers. We examine whether income-based disparities in medical care usage still exist after the development of the public network using a nationally representative sample of over 46,000 Brazilians from 2003. We find robust evidence of a positive association between income and doctor visits, private doctor visits, and private medical expenditures. Interestingly, we also find a pro-rich disparity in public doctor visits that disappears after including local area fixed effects to account for variation in availability and quality of medical services across localities. We then estimate the income elasticity of private medical expenditures to be well below one, suggesting that private care remains a necessity despite the availability of free public care. These results suggest that the public health care system in Brazil is not effectively reaching the segments of the population that need it most"--National Bureau of Economic Research web site

Health care for everyone -- The right to health care -- Single-payer and multi-payer -- Where does the money come from? -- Coverage around the world -- Health care help in the united states -- A closer look at obamacare -- The universal health care debate -- Making informed choices

The objective of this essay is to provide an historical account of the attempts made to implement a universal child care policy in Canada. Since World War II, we have been seeing large numbers of women entering the workforce and have had no centralized child care policy in place. This contributes to role strain on women as there appears to be little choice in work and family life. This paper explores the effort made by the feminist movement and women's advocates to establish a universal child care system. I hope to achieve a clear understanding that the need for child care remains an equality issue. Throughout this paper, I will shed light on the effects child care has on women, their families, and society. I will also address the current policies in place and what is to come under the new Liberal government.

We examine the effects of the Universal Child Care Benefit on the labour supply of mothers. The benefit has a significant negative effect on the labour supply of legally married mothers, reducing their likelihood of participation in the labour force by 1.4 percentage points and hours worked by nearly one hour per week. In contrast, the likelihood of participation by divorced mothers rises by 2.8 percentage points when receiving the benefit and does not affect hours worked. Moreover, the benefit does not have a statistically significant effect on the participation of common-law married mothers or never-married mothers.

Theory and evidence points towards particularly positive effects of high-quality child care for disadvantaged children. At the same time, disadvantaged families often sort out of existing programs. To counter differences in learning outcomes between children from different socioeconomic backgrounds, European governments are pushing for universal child care. However, empirical evidence on the effects of universal programs is scarce. We provide evidence on the long-run effect on schooling of mandating kindergarten at age 5--6. Our identifying variation comes from a reform that lowered school starting-age from 7 to 6 in Norway in 1997. Our precise DD estimates reveal hardly any effect, both overall, across subsamples, and over the grading distribution. A battery of specification checks supports our empirical strategy.

The Irish health care system is based on a complex and costly mix of private, statutory, and voluntary provisions. The majority of health care expenditure comes from the state, with a significant proportion of acute hospital care funded from private insurance, but there are relatively high out-of-pocket costs for most service users. There is free access to acute hospital care, but not for primary care, for all children. About 40% of the population have free access to primary care. Universal preventive public health services, including vaccination and immunization, newborn blood spot screening, and universal neonatal hearing screening are free. Major health challenges include poverty, obesity, drug and alcohol use, and mental health. The health care system has been dominated for the last 5 years by the impact of the current recession, which has led to very sharp cuts in health care expenditure. It is unclear if the necessary substantial reform of the system will happen. Government policy calls for a move toward a patient-centered, primary care-led system, but without very substantial transfers of resources and investment in Information and Communication Technology, this is unlikely to occur. The paper has been published as part of an overall report of Child Health in Europe: Diversity of Child Health Care in Europe: A Study of the European Paediatric Association/Union of National European Paediatric Societies and Associations http://www.jpeds.com/issue/S0022-3476(16)X0010-8 . (J Pediatr 2016;177S:S87-106).

The Irish health care system is based on a complex and costly mix of private, statutory, and voluntary provisions. The majority of health care expenditure comes from the state, with a significant proportion of acute hospital care funded from private insurance, but there are relatively high out-of-pocket costs for most service users. There is free access to acute hospital care, but not for primary care, for all children. About 40% of the population have free access to primary care. Universal preventive public health services, including vaccination and immunization, newborn blood spot screening, and universal neonatal hearing screening are free. Major health challenges include poverty, obesity, drug and alcohol use, and mental health. The health care system has been dominated for the last 5 years by the impact of the current recession, which has led to very sharp cuts in health care expenditure. It is unclear if the necessary substantial reform of the system will happen. Government policy calls for a move toward a patient-centered, primary care-led system, but without very substantial transfers of resources and investment in Information and Communication Technology, this is unlikely to occur. The paper has been published as part of an overall report of Child Health in Europe: Diversity of Child Health Care in Europe: A Study of the European Paediatric Association/Union of National European Paediatric Societies and Associations http://www.jpeds.com/issue/S0022-3476(16)X0010-8 . (J Pediatr 2016;177S:S87-106). Â

The status of child care policy in the contemporary US is studied. An overview of the US child care system's origins is provided, prioritizing the role of nursery education & absence of public child care. The association of child care concerns with workfare programs during the mid-20th century is then discussed; the Nixon administration's Family Assistance Plan, & the Reagan administration's passage of the Family Support Act are also reviewed to illustrate the close connection between child care & workfare. The emergence of political opposition to universal child care during the late 1980s is then addressed, emphasizing the differences in Republicans' & Democrats' visions for child care policy. Several factors responsible for the failure of the present child care system are identified including the lack of adequate funding, the inadequate compensation for child care providers, & the lack of support for improving child care programs. After prognosticating the future of the US's current system, recommendations for avoiding these pessimistic predictions are offered. 54 References. J. W. Parker

The debate concerning universal health care is a relatively new phenomenon and a feature of modernity, but it is still unsure whether it is a right or a luxury. Additionally, the most powerful and affluent nations even question if universal health care is compatible with the democratic foundations on which they rest. First, from a Kantian and Hohfeldian perspective, this piece will outline the difference between a right and a privilege. Following that, there will be Hohfeldian and Kantian arguments suggesting health care is an entitlement of all and not a luxury. Afterwards, this piece will explore how universal health care is compatible with the principles of democracy through the classical liberal and proto-libertarian lens of J.S. Mill. Next, through the lens of political scientist Marie Gottschalk, there will be a description of the economic issues faced by businesses and individuals in states which do not embrace universal health care. Finally, by applying Kant's, Hohfeld's, Mill's, and Gottschalk's views concerning this topic, this piece will conclude with suggestions supporting the democratic and economic move toward comprehensive health care. Article DOI : 10.5958/2347-6869.2017.00006.1

The status of child care policy in the contemporary US is studied. An overview of the US child care system's origins is provided, prioritizing the role of nursery education & absence of public child care. The association of child care concerns with workfare programs during the mid-20th century is then discussed; the Nixon administration's Family Assistance Plan, & the Reagan administration's passage of the Family Support Act are also reviewed to illustrate the close connection between child care & workfare. The emergence of political opposition to universal child care during the late 1980s is then addressed, emphasizing the differences in Republicans' & Democrats' visions for child care policy. Several factors responsible for the failure of the present child care system are identified including the lack of adequate funding, the inadequate compensation for child care providers, & the lack of support for improving child care programs. After prognosticating the future of the US's current system, recommendations for avoiding these pessimistic predictions are offered. 54 References. J. W. Parker