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Examining urban environmental issues at the macro, municipal level down to the micro community and individual level, this volume features cities and metropolitan regions across the global north and south with case studies from the United States, Canada, Eastern and Western Europe to India, Central America, South America and Africa. Contributions on the global north examine: the role of governing processes in sustainable cities; local growth machines and their carbon consequences; tackling climate change adaptation through community participation; climate protection and the participation and engagement of citizens; the importance of networking; and assessing the success of the environmental justice within emissions trading schemes. Case studies on the global south look at such topics as: how resource-constraints shape climate adaptation; the emergence of low-carbon development; urban vulnerability and adaptation to the health impacts of air pollution and climate extremes; global environmental changes and impacts on fishing activities; environmental justice and the social construction of space in urban poor communities; and the inverse connection between gender and climate change.

This article is a view of urban communities and their growth after the full impact of the current National High way Program is felt. Future growth will be split between the existing urban areas and new locations in rural areas activated by interstate routes. A tendency toward lower densities and the desire for unscheduled movement will favor use of the auto mobile. A pattern of new growth will be the result of a guided development process. New methods of harmonizing land uses will obviate the necessity of rigid segregation of land uses re sulting in concentration of traffic generators. More even dis tribution of the latter will mean lower peak load on highways. Design features of expressways, making their high speed safe, will be utilized in the gradual development of other highways concurrently with development of land. Wide right-of-ways will make it possible. Expansion of the existing urban areas will be somewhat along the same lines. Old cities will be in the process of orderly replanning and rebuilding of their older sections which are relentlessly growing obsolete. Modern de sign will assure safe movement in rebuilt areas. With some new features of design, provisions for off-street parking, and with regulations based upon a better knowledge of the human being, safe and rapid movement of people may be attained with out undue restraint of liberty.

In the city of Barcelona and the townships situated in the deltaic area of the Besòs River, groundwater is recognized as an aspect of urban water cycle management. There is groundwater seepage into infrastructure and buildings that in turn require drainage, a part of which is introduced into sewage systems. Sensitized by this issue, city councils have had hydrologic studies carried out to analyze its causes and to plan alternative ways of using these resources while reducing treatment costs, and minimizing the impacts that groundwater and drainage have on infrastructure and vice versa. Based on these studies, and starting in 2000 some of this has been used for municipal practices (garden irrigation and street cleaning). Subsequently, due to a drought that affected the region between April 2007 and January 2009, the government entity in charge of Catalonian water sources (ACA) aims to get greater use out of urban groundwater in this area. This requires a comprehensive understanding of the hydrogeological characteristics of the environment, the availability and quality of these resources, and the appropriate tools for proper assessment and management. This has been the framework of this thesis. Recharge is one of the most relevant aspects of water balance in aquifer systems in urban areas. Urbanization of the area alters the natural hydrological cycle and direct water recharge into aquifers by infiltration is reduced. In turn, evapotranspiration decreases and new recharge sources appear. This thesis presents, first, a methodology that allows for the quantifying of variability in space and time of the recharge in urban areas. Potential sources of recharge that have been considered are: (1) direct infiltration from rain and urban runoff, (2) losses from the sewer system, (3) losses from the water supply system, and (4) other specific sources of recharge (i.e. river infiltration, seawater intrusion, etc.). Recharge calculations are initially performed by applying analytical equations under various hypotheses. These ...

Machine generated contents note: ch. 1 Implementation of the Smart City Concept in Post-Socialist Cities: Rationales, Results, and Recommendations / Sabina Baraniewicz-Kotasinska -- ch. 2 Health Aspects of Urban Life / Marijana Prodanovic -- ch. 3 Urban Air Pollution: An Insight into Its Complex Aspects / Andrej Sostaric.

This article reports on the effects of superhighways in established residential areas in 23 SMSAs in nine states. Using information from the United States Census for 1960 and 1970 and from state highway departments, comparisons are made between impacted and nonimpacted census tracts on 34 housing and population variables. Multiple regression is the analysis tool, permitting statistical control of tract location and housing density. Results indicate (1) that meaningful differences emerge between impacted and nonim pacted tracts, (2) that despite these differences, the highway impact variable accounts for little of the variance in the dependent variable, and (3) that substantive differences between impacted and nonimpacted tracts are small, even when statistically significant. This last finding implies that highways are of minor importance in explaining changes in census characteristics compared to general demographic trends and deliberate policies in metropolitan areas.

Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Implementation of the Smart City Concept in Post-Socialist Cities: Rationales, Results, and Recommendations( -- Abstract -- Introduction -- The Smart City Concept - Rationales, Definitions, Dimensions, and Applications -- Rationales -- Definitions and Dimensions -- Applications -- Smart Characteristics of a Smart City - The European Union's Approach -- Smart Governance -- Smart Economy -- Smart Mobility -- Smart Environment -- Smart People -- Smart Living -- Case Study - The Results of Implementing the Smart Characteristics -- Banská Bystrica, Slovakia as an Example of Smart Governance -- Dresden, Germany as an Example of a Smart Economy -- Miskolc, Hungary as an Example of Smart Mobility -- Vrchlabí, Czech Republic as an Example of a Smart Environment -- Lublin, Poland as an Example of Smart People -- Tartu, Estonia as an Example of Smart Living -- Recommendations for Cities in the New EU Member States on How to Be "Smart" -- Smart Governance -- Smart Economy -- Smart Mobility -- Smart Environment -- Smart People -- Smart Living -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Health Aspects of Urban Life -- Abstract -- The Growth of Megacities and Slums -- Urban Mobility -- The Shortage of Green Space and Its Potential Effects -- Conclusion -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 3 -- Urban Air Pollution: An Insight into Its Complex Aspects -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methods -- Results and Discussion -- Spatio-Temporal Dynamics -- Temporal Variations and Periodicity -- Fluctuation Analysis -- Contribution Decomposition -- Concentration Decomposition -- Time Series Decomposition -- Environmental Impacts -- Local Sources -- Air Pollution Transport -- Environmental Multiphase Systems - Rainwater Scavenging -- Environmental Factor Interrelations -- Variable Importance

ABSTRACTThis PAPER DEALS with the performance of trash screens on culverts on urban watercourses. An assessment of the scope of problems associated with screens has been obtained from a survey of land drainage authorities in urban areas in England and Wales. The findings have been analysed and this has resulted in the development of four basic design criteria for screens. A detailed survey of the performance of some 17 sites in the river Ravensbourne catchment of the Thames Water Authority was undertaken over a number of years allowing relationships to be identified between debris amounts and types of upstream catchment area, screen/culvert area ratios, and priority of location.The paper describes considerations to be taken when providing a screen and advocates an individual design for each location rather than installing a standard arrangement. The lack of practical information in the UK, and the high level of problems experienced overall underlines the need for proper consideration to be given to this subject. Current research work is being undertaken to obtain preferred efficient screen configurations, but it is concluded that this should complement rather than replace the need for good trash screen design.

The Danish air pollution abatement is based by and large on emission control. Since the ratification of the international sulfur protocol of 1985, there has been a continuous tightening of the permissible sulfur content in fuels and of the maximum emissions from power plants. As a consequence, the total annual emission of sulfur dioxide (SO2) has been reduced from 450,000 tons in the seventies to 180,000 tons in 1990. This has had a pronounced effect on the SO2 levels in Danish urban areas. Thus, in Copenhagen, the yearly averages have fallen to about 25%. For nitrogen oxides emitted from the power plants, similar regulations are in force. With this legislation, the most important and crucial source of air pollution in Danish urban areas is road traffic. The contribution of nitrogen oxides from national traffic accounts for nearly half the total Danish emission and is increasing steadily; this is consistent with an observed increase of nitrogen oxides in ambient air. The permissible levels of lead in petrol has been reduced drastically. After an introduction of reduced tax on lead-free petrol, it now accounts for more than two-thirds of the total consumption. As a result, the concentration of lead in urban ambient air has been reduced to less than one-sixth. The introduction of 3-way catalytic converters from October 1990 will result in reductions in the emission of a series of pollutants, e.g., lead, volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides. In 1980, a Danish air quality monitoring program was established as a cooperative effort between the authorities, the Government, the countries, the municipalities, and the Greater Copenhagen Council.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

A view of Ur communities & their growth after the full impact of the current National Highway Program is felt. Future growth will be split between the existing Ur areas & new locations in Ru areas activated by interstate routes. A tendency toward lower densities & the desire for unscheduled movement will favor use of the automobile. A pattern of new growth will be the result of a guided development process. New methods of harmonizing land uses will obviate the necessity of rigid segregation of land uses resulting in concentration of traffic generators. More even distribution of the latter will mean lower peak load on highways. Design features of expressways, making their high speed safe, will be utilized in the gradual development of other highways concurrently with development of land. Wide right-of-ways will make it possible. Expansion of the existing Ur areas will be somewhat along the same lines. Old cities will be in the process of orderly replanning & rebuilding of their older sections which are relentlessly growing obsolete. Modern design will assure safe movement in rebuilt areas. With some new features of design, provisions for offstreet parking, & with regulations based upon a better knowledge of the human being, safe & rapid movement of people may be attained without undue restraint of liberty. AA. [Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Inc., copyright ???? The American Academy of Political and Social Science.]

Examining urban environmental issues at the macro, municipal level down to the micro community and individual level, this volume features cities and metropolitan regions across the global north and south with case studies from the United States, Canada, Eastern and Western Europe to India, Central America, South America and Africa

Water is a basic human resource that should be distributed equally, but increasingly there is uneven distribution, as in the majority of the cities covered under JNNURM which are unable to provide access to water supply to more than half the slum population. Research in Delhi demonstrates that both slums and resettlement colonies are inhabited by the poorer classes who do not have political claim to resources, and 'resettlement' from slums is to evict them from where land is more 'valuable' to relocate them in the to-be-developed periphery where there is no water supply. Construction of toilets only ensures greater use of water, which eventually pollutes the surface as well as ground water sources. Health services are concentrated in the core of the city. The social determinants of health in urban areas are clearly rooted in the investment policies that are driving processes of 'urban renewal' and 'economic growth'.

Obstacles to desegregation of Ur areas in the US are discussed re: (1) increased interest in racial inequities in the US, (2) recent pop shifts, (3) consequences to gov'al policy, (4) racial exclusivity of subUr areas, (5) Negro increase within the cities, (6) migration & natural increase as contributors to growing Ne concetration, (7) the econ diff'al, (8) acceptance of segregation by the segregated, & (9) acceptance of segregation by the white maiority. Dilemmas are outlined. M. Farher.

The report depicts the background and presents an overview of a programme of socio-territorial intervention, partially funded by the Norwegian Government through the EEA Financial Mechanisms. It also presents the situation analysis and progress of the programme in its three territorial units of implementation. A particular focal point is Cova da Moura outside Lisboa, where local voices are emphasized in the early assessment of the programme. Finally, challenges ahead are drawn up. Tilknyttet prosjekt Formative Dialogue on the Critical Urban Areas Programme in Portugal