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This paper gives a game-theoretical treatment of the institutional homogenization of value-oriented firms. It explains why intrinsically motivated, value-oriented firms like non-profits may become similar to for-profit firms in terms of organization and norms. It highlights and explains the pairs: value-oriented and flat organizations in contrast to value-neutral managers and hierarchical organizations. We consider a major donor like the government who delegates a project to an organization without endowments under asymmetric information. The non-profit is able to adapt its organization by establishing a hierarchy with an intrinsically motivated manager. The donor can in turn react by employing institutions in order to cope with information asymmetries regarding the mission of the organization and the unverifiable values of the manager. Two main cases are examined, one without competition and a competitive case. The equilibrium in the first case is a flat organization or alternatively highly altruistic hierarchy. The second competitive case is characterized by a value neutral hierarchy.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to broaden the performance measurements of total supply chain performance.Design/methodology/approachA conceptual model is presented based on the balanced scorecard. The new model formulates a model for the tangible aspects that measure the success of the total chain which is then extended to incorporate the intangible value adding aspects to measure total value chain success.FindingsA framework is presented showing the importance of intangible value adding aspects of the total value chain.Research limitations/implicationsFuture research may address in depth research associated with the five key intangible aspects given in the current model.Practical implicationsThe practical implementation of the required metrics in such a dynamic area as the supply chain industry needs to be focused on the aspects most required at particular times depending on the varying levels of market activities.Originality/valueThis paper provides a broader performance model than the balanced scorecard or any other framework currently used in the supply chain literature.

In the opinion of the vast majority of the Arab society the literary Arabic is considered as a core value. Many even elevate it to the rank of sanctity, due to the fact that it is the language of the Koran. On the other hand Standard Arabic has never become a means of daily communication for all Arabs. It remains the language of written texts, ritual prayers and official speeches, while in everyday life people use dialects. Even Arabic language teachers in the Arab countries, when conducting classes in schools, speak a kind of intermediate Arabic or simply a dialect. In this context, the author tries to answer the question posed in the title of the present article.

The Gothenburg Book Fair is one of the most important cultural events in Scandinavia today. Since 1985, it has grown into a meeting place for book lovers, librarians, and people in the book industry. However, it has also been surrounded by scandals and controversies. Inspired by Brian Moeran's notion of the book fair as "a tournament of values," and Barbara Herrnstein Smith's constructivist approach to value, this article analyzes the Gothenburg Book Fair as an arena for negotiating value. The article first discusses how the value of the Gothenburg Book Fair has been under constant negotiation since its inception, and then examines how different actors participated in consolidating the fair's value and function at the beginning of the 2010s. Finally, it considers the intensive debate about the Gothenburg Book Fair in 2016–2017, due to the decision to allow the extreme-right newspaper Nya Tider to have a stand in the exhibition halls, which above all resulted in a renegotiation of the book fair's social and economic value. Through this diachronic and historical perspective, the article shows how a more pronounced theoretical value perspective in relation to book fairs and literary festivals provides new knowledge about these types of literary events and their role in literary culture as a whole. ; La Foire du livre de Göteborg est l'une des manifestations culturelles les plus importantes de la Scandinavie. Depuis 1985, elle est devenue un lieu de rencontre pour les amoureux du livre, les bibliothécaires et les personnes travaillant dans l'industrie du livre. Cependant, les scandales et la controverse ne l'ont pas épargnée. S'inspirant de la notion avancée par Brian Moeran, à savoir qu'une foire du livre serait « un tournoi de valeurs », et de l'approche constructiviste de Barbara Herrnstein Smith, le présent article analyse la Foire du livre de Göteborg comme une arène où se négocie la valeur. Il y est d'abord montré que la valeur de la foire n'a jamais cessé d'être négociée depuis sa création. L'article ...

Karl Marx was the greatest champion of the labor theory of value. The logical problems of this theory have, however, split scholars of Marx into two factions: those who regard it as an indivisible component of Marxism, and those who wish to continue the spirit of analysis begun by Marx without the labor theory of value. In the debate between these two camps, the former has attempted to draw support from Marx's concepts of value, while the latter has ignored them, taking instead as their starting point the truism that production generates a surplus. Nevertheless, a careful examination of the development of Marx's logic uncovers the profound irony that, after a chance rereading of Hegel, Marx made a crucial advance which should have led him to replace the labor theory of value with the theory that commodities in general are the source of surplus. Marx's value analysis is thus consistent, not with those who would defend the labor theory of value, but with those who would transcend it.