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This is a conference paper. ; The provision of safe water for the majority of the population living in rural communities is a major challenge to the Government of Ghana. In an effort to address this issue several rural water and sanitation programmes have been initiated by Government and non-government organisations. One of such projects is the Volta Rural Water Supply and Sanitation (VRWSS) Project, which is a joint effort between the Ghana Government and DANIDA. The Project is being implemented in the Volta Region of Ghana which has a population of about 1.7 million (about ten per cent of the population of Ghana). About 80 per cent of the people of the Region live in rural communities with population less than 5000, which is the target number for the VRWSS Project. The Volta Region is divided into twelve administrative districts and the Project is being implemented in all twelve over a period of ten years (1992 - 2002). The Project aims at reaching the unreached communities in the Project area with potable water and improved sanitation facilities. The Project will also build the capacity of the communities to manage these facilities on their own to secure sustainability.

The Malaysian water supply and sanitation sector is described. The project would expand water supply infrastructure systems in three districts of the State of Johor. Water services would be improved for 1.000,000 persons (plus 370,000 by 1990), meaning 86% of the population in the three districts. The project would provide for: (a) the expansion of source works serving the Johor Bahru district and the strengthening of distribution systems, (b) the construction of intake, pumping, transmission and distribution works in the Batu Pahat district, (c) the construction of intake, wells, treatment, transmission and storage works in the Kluang district, (d) establishment of in-house training capabilites, etc. (Econom. Voorlichtingsdienst)

ABSTRACTThe Government's intention to abolish the rateable value system has made it urgent for the water industry to develop an alternative method of charging for its domestic customers. Metering is one option, and a description is given of the national programme of metering trials. These trials will provide better information on which to base future charging and metering decisions.One area of 53 000 properties and eleven smaller areas of 1000 properties will be included in the trials. The paper covers their design and objectives and the location of the selected sites. The various metering systems are described including the meters, the installation location, the reading and billing systems and the metered tariffs to be used.

ABSTRACTThis paper outlines the approach which was recently adopted by the Government of Argentina for the franchising of water services in Buenos Aires. It briefly reviews the water and sewerage services in the area and outlines the operation, background and process which were adopted by the Government to secure the franchise. The paper explains the circumstances and objectives, and describes how the franchising process developed both politically and organizationally. It also examines the franchisee and selection process, the bidding requirements, and organizational arrangements which enabled a successful transfer of the water services from public to private sector.

AbstractEquity in water supply is one of the major problems faced in intermittent water distribution systems. A new index 'uniformity coefficient' is introduced to measure the equity in distribution of water within the network, which may be useful for performance evaluation of water distribution networks (WDNs). An iterative head‐driven analysis technique is developed to compute the uniformity coefficient of a network. The effect of various design parameters of WDN on the uniform coefficient is studied. The results indicate that equity in water supply is significantly affected by the location of the tank and layout of the network. The equity in water supply can be improved in an existing network by staggered supply.

Overview of the water supply sector in China PR. The project would provide safe drinking water to some six million people in 4,650 villages of 25 countries located in the provinces of Liaoning, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang, and the municipality of Beijing. The institutional component of the project includes: 1) development of management and monitoring systems and regulations for revolving funds, construction and operations; 2) preparation of design, construction and operation manuals, and 3) a training program. Cost estimates and financing plan. ICB procurement: materials and equipment. Statistics, 1985-2009. (Econom. Voorlichtingsdienst)

Water supply and sanitation have about the same goals all over the world. The needs for safe water supply and sanitation are obvious although not generally implemented. This depends often on the economical situation and bad management. Additional factors are effects of war actions and natural disasters as flooding of rivers and tsunamis. The strategies are, however, similar independent of the actual conditions. In this paper the strategies as developed in Sweden are described related to practical implementation of technology and management strategies. The experiences have shown on both mistakes and successful handling. Today, Sweden is involved in both adjusting policies according to European Union rules (as EU Water Framework Directive) and also in sharing experiences to facilitate international implementation of cost-effective methods.

Abstract Paper aims this paper proposes a model to aid a group of decision makers to establish a portfolio of feasible actions (alternatives) that are able to balance water supply-demand strategies. Originality Long periods of water shortages cause problems in semi-arid region of northeast Brazil, which affects different sectors such as food, public health, among others. This problem situation is intensified by population growth. Therefore, this type of decision making is complex, and it needs to be solving by a structured model. Research method The model is based on a problem structuring method (PSM) and a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) method. Main findings Due to society and government influences, the proposed model showed appropriate to conduct a robust and well-structured decision making. Implications for theory and practice The main contributions were the study in regions suffering from drought and water scarcity, as well as the combination of PSM and MCDM methods to aid in this problem.