International audience ; Background: The recruitment of community health volunteers (CHVs) to support the delivery of health programmes is an established approach in underserved areas and in particular where there are health inequalities due to the scarcity of trained human resources. However, there is a dearth of evidence about what works to improve CHVs' performance. This review aimed to synthesise existing literature to explain why, how and under which circumstances intervention approaches to improve the performance of CHVs are more likely to be successful.Methods: We performed a realist synthesis. We identified candidate theories related to our review questions, which then guided the selection, appraisal and analysis of primary studies. Publications of interest dating from 2008 to 2012 were identified by a systematic search in PubMed and IDEAS databases. We considered all study designs that examined the various aspects of CHV performance in the context of formal organisational settings to be eligible and excluded the studies that did not provide explanation about the performance of CHVs neither in the findings nor in the discussion part. Data were arranged according to their reference to context, interventions, outcomes and mechanisms in order to identify the interaction between them. The synthesis of data allowed us to determine explanatory patterns within or across the studies.Results: We identified broad intervention approaches within the 23 papers included in the review: positioning of the CHV within the community, establishment of clear roles, provision of skill-based and ongoing training, incentives, supervision and logistical support for task distribution and implementation. The findings provided information regarding which mechanisms (self-esteem, sense of duty, self-efficacy, sense of being fairly treated) to target when implementing such approaches, and which contextual factors (stable and supportive cultural, political and social context and intervention closely linked to local health services) ...
International audience ; Background: The recruitment of community health volunteers (CHVs) to support the delivery of health programmes is an established approach in underserved areas and in particular where there are health inequalities due to the scarcity of trained human resources. However, there is a dearth of evidence about what works to improve CHVs' performance. This review aimed to synthesise existing literature to explain why, how and under which circumstances intervention approaches to improve the performance of CHVs are more likely to be successful.Methods: We performed a realist synthesis. We identified candidate theories related to our review questions, which then guided the selection, appraisal and analysis of primary studies. Publications of interest dating from 2008 to 2012 were identified by a systematic search in PubMed and IDEAS databases. We considered all study designs that examined the various aspects of CHV performance in the context of formal organisational settings to be eligible and excluded the studies that did not provide explanation about the performance of CHVs neither in the findings nor in the discussion part. Data were arranged according to their reference to context, interventions, outcomes and mechanisms in order to identify the interaction between them. The synthesis of data allowed us to determine explanatory patterns within or across the studies.Results: We identified broad intervention approaches within the 23 papers included in the review: positioning of the CHV within the community, establishment of clear roles, provision of skill-based and ongoing training, incentives, supervision and logistical support for task distribution and implementation. The findings provided information regarding which mechanisms (self-esteem, sense of duty, self-efficacy, sense of being fairly treated) to target when implementing such approaches, and which contextual factors (stable and supportive cultural, political and social context and intervention closely linked to local health services) ...
Migrant Roma in French and Italian Cities: mobility, regulation and marginality Key words: Roma; Migration; City; Public Policies; Housing; Conflict; Comparison Olivier Legros and Tommaso Vitale This introduction is based on the empirical papers of this special issue, as well as on the most recent literature. It focuses on public policies and on Balkan and Central European Roma migrants' practices. Precisely, it shows the relevance of public policies to structure individual and collective behaviour, and - partially - to produce identities. Evictions and the state of emergence (in the sense of Agamben) are the main characters of the policies in French and Italian cities. The implementation of these policies pushes lots of Roma migrants into precariousness and uncertainty, making them highly visible in the political-media sphere. In metropolis as well as in middle town, scarcity of land makes allocation of spaces the most relevant issue for the "Roma question", and for its treatment by local authorities. But variety of Roma migration trajectories in French and Italian cities suggests putting the most pessimistic remarks in their right perspective. ; A partir des articles réunis dans ce dossier et de travaux récents, cet article introductif porte sur l'entre-deux des politiques institutionnelles et des pratiques des migrants roms originaires d'Europe centrale et des Balkans qui se sont installés dans les villes de France et d'Italie. Il montre en particulier la place primordiale des politiques institutionnelles dans la conduite des comportements individuels et collectifs et peut-être dans la fabrication des identités. Privilégiant l'expulsion et l'état d'exception tel que théorisé par G. Agamben, les politiques engagées en France et en Italie installent en effet de nombreux migrants roms dans la précarité et l'incertitude, tout en augmentant la visibilité de ces derniers dans l'espace politico-médiatique. Dans les métropoles et dans les grandes villes où la ressource foncière se fait de plus en plus rare, le ...
Migrant Roma in French and Italian Cities: mobility, regulation and marginality Key words: Roma; Migration; City; Public Policies; Housing; Conflict; Comparison Olivier Legros and Tommaso Vitale This introduction is based on the empirical papers of this special issue, as well as on the most recent literature. It focuses on public policies and on Balkan and Central European Roma migrants' practices. Precisely, it shows the relevance of public policies to structure individual and collective behaviour, and - partially - to produce identities. Evictions and the state of emergence (in the sense of Agamben) are the main characters of the policies in French and Italian cities. The implementation of these policies pushes lots of Roma migrants into precariousness and uncertainty, making them highly visible in the political-media sphere. In metropolis as well as in middle town, scarcity of land makes allocation of spaces the most relevant issue for the "Roma question", and for its treatment by local authorities. But variety of Roma migration trajectories in French and Italian cities suggests putting the most pessimistic remarks in their right perspective. ; A partir des articles réunis dans ce dossier et de travaux récents, cet article introductif porte sur l'entre-deux des politiques institutionnelles et des pratiques des migrants roms originaires d'Europe centrale et des Balkans qui se sont installés dans les villes de France et d'Italie. Il montre en particulier la place primordiale des politiques institutionnelles dans la conduite des comportements individuels et collectifs et peut-être dans la fabrication des identités. Privilégiant l'expulsion et l'état d'exception tel que théorisé par G. Agamben, les politiques engagées en France et en Italie installent en effet de nombreux migrants roms dans la précarité et l'incertitude, tout en augmentant la visibilité de ces derniers dans l'espace politico-médiatique. Dans les métropoles et dans les grandes villes où la ressource foncière se fait de plus en plus rare, le ...
Housing has a special place in the Swedish welfare state. Ever since Gustav Möller, Minister for Social Affairs, in 1945 was handed the result of Bostadssociala utredningen, a state investigation on housing from a social perspective, housing has been a bearing pillar in the Swedish 'Folkhem'. Since the post-war period, Swedish housing policy has been universal in the sense that housing consumers have not been categorized by income or living conditions. Instead, the policy has had the aim of 'good housing for all'. The main instrument for achieving this goal—the figurehead of the universal housing policy—has been allmännyttan, the national model of public housing, constituted by municipal housing companies with the task of offering rental housing of high quality, for the benefit of everyone. This PhD thesis analyzes allmännyttan based on the observation that the contemporary housing situation is largely characterized by inequality. The housing consumer is to a lesser extent independent from inherited conditions: Access to housing and the characteristics of housing are increasingly dependent on economic resources. The dissertation highlights the role of public housing in this development. The municipal housing companies and the context they exist in have changed over the past decades through gradual political reforms and alignment with European competition law. Such a development might influence the ability of allmännyttan to contribute to keeping housing inequality at bay. The purpose of the thesis is thus to study the potential and actual significance of allmännyttan for housing inequality in Swedish cities. The thesis is grounded in critical realist ontology and analyzes how and why (or why not) allmännyttan's latent mechanisms to counteract inequality are actualized. Through studies of municipal housing companies throughout Sweden, including eleven in-depth case studies, the thesis seeks to answer whether the contemporary allmännytta counteracts housing inequality, or if it rather contributes to a more unequal housing provision. The dissertation consists of three peer-reviewed papers. Together with the framing chapter of the dissertation, the papers highlight how housing inequality could be understood from a national context and in terms of multidimensionality; how events triggered by allmännyttan counteracts or contributes to housing inequality; and how allmännyttan's discretion to counteract housing inequality is identified and used by the municipal housing companies. The results indicate that, despite a gradual shift towards businesslike conditions and demands on return on investment, allmännyttan still has a latent and potential ability to counteract housing inequality. The core of universalism consists, so do the expectations of social benefit. However, the contextual conditions have changed: The state-organized housing provision has gone from state-financed to financialized, i.e., dependent on financial motives, institutions, tools and financial capital. Allmännyttan exists in a state of financialized universalism. In spite of this development, the thesis identifies ample discretion for municipal housing companies to actualize underlying mechanisms which contribute to counteracting housing inequality. However, how this discretion is perceived and used varies from city to city. The discretion is interpreted—consciously or unconsciously— in different ways, depending on the local political governance, but also on the local institutional path-dependence, i.e., its past decisions, its culture and traditions. How the discretion is identified has implications on the events that affect housing inequality. The conclusion is that public housing is more than ever locally diversified. An imaginary of financialized economy has been adopted by many municipal housing companies, but this imaginary is challenged and negotiated by other companies. Given this variation, allmännyttan simultaneously—and contradictory—contributes to both reduced and increased housing inequality. The character of the ambiguous allmännytta is thus determined at local scale, a conclusion which stands in contrast with national objectives of a state-organized housing provision based on good housing, for the benefit of everyone.
Background: The aim was to compare findings related to experiences of prosthetics and orthotic service delivery in Tanzania, Malawi, Sierra Leone and Pakistan, from the perspective of local professionals.Method: In total 49 prosthetists/orthotists and prosthetic/orthotic technicians participated from four countries. A comparative analysis of the results of the three published papers was conducted. The analytical approach used was a second ordered concept analysis where subthemes, categories and conceptions were aggregated into themes.Results: Four common themes to Tanzania, Malawi, Sierra Leone and Pakistan emerged; Low awareness and prioritising of prosthetic and orthotic services; Difficulty managing specific pathological conditions and problems with materials; Limited access to prosthetic and orthotic services available and The need for further education and desire for professional development. One theme was found to be unique to Sierra Leone; People with disabilities have low social status in Sierra Leone.Conclusion: The perspective of local professionals was that they had a sense of inability to deliver high-quality prosthetic and orthotic services. Educating prosthetic and orthotic professionals to a higher level and providing opportunities for professional development was desired. Low awareness and low priority on behalf of the government when it comes to prosthetic and orthotic services was identified as a barrier to providing effective rehabilitation. In Sierra Leone, people with a disability needed to be included to a greater extent and supported at different levels within families, communities, government, international organisations, and society in general. Traditional beliefs about the causes of impairment and difficulties in accessing services were identified as barriers to providing effective rehabilitation services.
The papers of this thesis are not available in Munin. Paper I: Mankova, P. (2017). The Komi of the Kola Peninsula within ethnographic descriptions and state policies. Available in Nationalities Papers, 46(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2017.1345882 Paper II: Mankova, P. (2017). A Safe Harbour in Stormy Winds: Educational Reforms and Social Poetics in a Russian Tundra Village. (Manuscript). Paper III: Mankova, P. (2017). Making sense of the remote areas: films and stories from a tundra village. (Manuscript). Paper IV: Mankova, P. (2017) Heterogeneity and Spontaneity: reindeer races, bureaucratic designs and indigenous transformations at The Festival of the North in Murmansk. Available in Acta Borealia, 34(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/08003831.2017.1397440 ; In remote geographical areas, state power and modernization processes often slow down, become subverted or fail. For the people who live there the everyday life usually brings other worries and concerns. Based on anthropological fieldwork in Krasnoshchelye, a remote tundra village in Murmansk region, the dissertation addresses questions of remoteness. Inspired by the spatial theories of Michel de Certeau and Doreen Massey, it describes the village as an open space where the trajectories of governmental strategies, popular representations, collective projects and individual undertakings exist simultaneously. They intersect in different ways through time. Such approach embosses the temporary and transient nature of all human agency and shows that the village is never isolated or backward. The thesis consists of an introductory essay and four articles. In the introductory essay I address the dynamic nature of the relationship between abstract ideas of remoteness and everyday life. The four articles show how this relationship affects ethnographic descriptions, educational institutions, mass media, local storytelling, and public events as the Festival of the North. At the same time, by focusing on the century old Izhma Komi diaspora in an area considered and recognized as traditional for the indigenous Sami people (Lovozero District), in a region (Murmansk region) where the majority today is constituted of Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians and many other nationalities, I also question ideas of home and belonging.
Migrant Roma in French and Italian Cities: mobility, regulation and marginality Key words: Roma; Migration; City; Public Policies; Housing; Conflict; Comparison Olivier Legros and Tommaso Vitale This introduction is based on the empirical papers of this special issue, as well as on the most recent literature. It focuses on public policies and on Balkan and Central European Roma migrants' practices. Precisely, it shows the relevance of public policies to structure individual and collective behaviour, and - partially - to produce identities. Evictions and the state of emergence (in the sense of Agamben) are the main characters of the policies in French and Italian cities. The implementation of these policies pushes lots of Roma migrants into precariousness and uncertainty, making them highly visible in the political-media sphere. In metropolis as well as in middle town, scarcity of land makes allocation of spaces the most relevant issue for the "Roma question", and for its treatment by local authorities. But variety of Roma migration trajectories in French and Italian cities suggests putting the most pessimistic remarks in their right perspective. ; A partir des articles réunis dans ce dossier et de travaux récents, cet article introductif porte sur l'entre-deux des politiques institutionnelles et des pratiques des migrants roms originaires d'Europe centrale et des Balkans qui se sont installés dans les villes de France et d'Italie. Il montre en particulier la place primordiale des politiques institutionnelles dans la conduite des comportements individuels et collectifs et peut-être dans la fabrication des identités. Privilégiant l'expulsion et l'état d'exception tel que théorisé par G. Agamben, les politiques engagées en France et en Italie installent en effet de nombreux migrants roms dans la précarité et l'incertitude, tout en augmentant la visibilité de ces derniers dans l'espace politico-médiatique. Dans les métropoles et dans les grandes villes où la ressource foncière se fait de plus en plus rare, le processus prend un tour particulier car l'allocation des places y constitue, sans doute plus qu'ailleurs, un élément majeur de la " question rom " et de son traitement par les pouvoirs publics. La diversité des trajectoires migratoires des Roms dans les villes de France et d'Italie invite toutefois à nuancer ce constat pessimiste.
International audience ; Background: The recruitment of community health volunteers (CHVs) to support the delivery of health programmes is an established approach in underserved areas and in particular where there are health inequalities due to the scarcity of trained human resources. However, there is a dearth of evidence about what works to improve CHVs' performance. This review aimed to synthesise existing literature to explain why, how and under which circumstances intervention approaches to improve the performance of CHVs are more likely to be successful.Methods: We performed a realist synthesis. We identified candidate theories related to our review questions, which then guided the selection, appraisal and analysis of primary studies. Publications of interest dating from 2008 to 2012 were identified by a systematic search in PubMed and IDEAS databases. We considered all study designs that examined the various aspects of CHV performance in the context of formal organisational settings to be eligible and excluded the studies that did not provide explanation about the performance of CHVs neither in the findings nor in the discussion part. Data were arranged according to their reference to context, interventions, outcomes and mechanisms in order to identify the interaction between them. The synthesis of data allowed us to determine explanatory patterns within or across the studies.Results: We identified broad intervention approaches within the 23 papers included in the review: positioning of the CHV within the community, establishment of clear roles, provision of skill-based and ongoing training, incentives, supervision and logistical support for task distribution and implementation. The findings provided information regarding which mechanisms (self-esteem, sense of duty, self-efficacy, sense of being fairly treated) to target when implementing such approaches, and which contextual factors (stable and supportive cultural, political and social context and intervention closely linked to local health services) create the most favourable conditions for these mechanisms to occur, ultimately contributing to CHVs' better performance. Four main explanatory patterns around these mechanisms emerged as being fundamental to better performance.Conclusions: The patterns identified, combined with the designers' and other stakeholders' assumptions on how such interventions are expected to work, can be tested by empirical studies in order to provide useful information to be used by programme implementers, policymakers, donors and the community.
Author's introductionThe media landscape has changed dramatically in recent decades, from one predominated by traditional mass communication formats to today's more personalized communications environment. Mobile telephony plays a central role in this transition, with adoption rates that surpass even those of the Internet. This article attempts to situate the role of mobile communication technology in the changing media environment by examining key areas of social change associated with its widespread diffusion and use. These areas include symbolic meaning of technology, new forms of coordination and social networking, personalization of public spaces, and the mobile youth culture. Drawing from these areas of change, we advance the argument that mobile telephony is iconic of a larger socio‐technological shift toward a new 'personal communication society.'Author recommendsRheingold, Howard 2002. Smart Mobs: The Next Social Revolution. Cambridge, MA: Basic Books.From Tokyo to Helsinki, Manhattan to Manila, Howard Rheingold takes us on a journey around the world for a preview of the next techno‐cultural shift – a shift he predicts will be as dramatic as the widespread adoption of the PC in the 1980s and the Internet in the 1990s. The coming wave, says Rheingold, is the result of super‐efficient mobile communications – cellular phones, personal digital assistants, and wireless‐paging and Internet‐access devices that will allow us to connect with anyone, anywhere, anytime. From the amusing ('Lovegetty' devices in Japan that light up when a person with the right date‐potential characteristics appears in the vicinity) to the extraordinary (the overthrow of a repressive regime in the Philippines by political activists who mobilized by forwarding text messages via cell phones), Rheingold gives examples of the fundamentally new ways in which people are already engaging in group or collective action. He also considers the dark side of this phenomenon, such as the coordination of terrorist cells, threats to privacy, and the ability to incite violent behavior. Applying insights from sociology, artificial intelligence, engineering, and anthropology, Rheingold offers a penetrating perspective on the brave new convergence of pop culture, cutting‐edge technology, and social activism. At the same time, he reminds us that, as with other technological revolutions, the real impact of mobile communications will come not from the technology itself but from how people use it, resist it, adapt to it, and ultimately use it to transform themselves, their communities, and their institutions.Katz, James E. and Mark A. Aakhus (eds.) 2002. Perpetual Contact: Mobile Communication, Private Talk, Public Performance. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.This edited volume contains a landmark collection of chapters from researchers all over the world. The book offers a multi‐national perspective on some of the key themes that were identified at the outset of the emergent new field of mobile communication studies, ranging from the private sphere of interpersonal relations to the public performance of social groups and structures. In their conclusion, the editors advance the theoretical orientation of Apparatgeist (translation: 'spirit of the machine') to explain cross‐cultural consistencies in how people conceptualize and use personal communication technologies such as the mobile phone.Ling, Rich 2004. The Mobile Connection: The Cell Phone's Impact on Society. San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann.This book, based on worldwide research involving tens of thousands of interviews and contextual observations, looks into the impact of the mobile communication on our daily lives. Areas of impact include accessibility, safety and security, coordination of social and business activities, use of public places, and the social emancipation of youth.Ito, Mizuko, Daisuke Okabe, and Misa Matsuda (eds.) 2005. Personal, Portable, Pedestrian: Mobile Phones in Japanese Life. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.This edited volume explores how Japan's enthusiastic engagement with mobile technology has become part of its trendsetting popular culture. The chapters document the emergence, incorporation, and domestication of mobile communications in a wide range of social practices and institutions. The book first considers the social, cultural, and historical context of keitai (i.e., mobile phone) development in Japan, including its beginnings in youth pager use in the early 1990s. It then discusses the virtually seamless integration of keitai use into everyday life, contrasting it to the more escapist character of Internet use on the PC. Other essays suggest that the use of mobile communication reinforces ties between close friends and family, producing 'tele‐cocooning' by tight‐knit social groups. The book also discusses mobile phone manners and examines keitai use by copier technicians, multitasking housewives, and school children.Castells, Manuel, Mireia Fernandez‐Ardevol, Jack Linchuan Qiu and Araba Sey 2007. Mobile Communication and Society: A Global Perspective. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.This book looks at how the possibility of multimodal communication from anywhere to anywhere at any time affects everyday life at home, at work, and at school, and raises broader concerns about politics and culture both global and local. Drawing on data gathered from around the world, the authors explore who has access to wireless technology, and why, and analyze the patterns of social differentiation seen in unequal access. They explore the social effects of wireless communication – what it means for family life, for example, when everyone is constantly in touch, or for the idea of an office when workers can work anywhere. The authors consider the rise of a mobile youth culture based on peer‐to‐peer networks, with its own language of texting, and its own values. They examine the phenomenon of flash mobs, and the possible political implications. And they look at the relationship between communication and development and the possibility that developing countries could 'leapfrog' directly to wireless and satellite technology. Drawing from a global body of research, the book helps answer the key questions about our transformation into a 'mobile network society'.Ling, Rich 2008. New Tech, New Ties: How Mobile Communication Reshapes Social Cohesion. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.In New Tech, New Ties, Rich Ling examines how the mobile telephone affects both mobile‐mediated and face to face interactions. Ling finds that through the use of various social rituals the mobile telephone strengthens social ties within the circle of friends and family – sometimes at the expense of interaction with those who are physically present – and creates what he calls 'bounded solidarity'. Ling argues that mobile communication helps to engender and develop social cohesion within the family and the peer group. Drawing on the work of Emile Durkheim, Erving Goffman, and Randall Collins, Ling shows that ritual interaction is a catalyst for the development of social bonding. From this perspective, he examines how mobile communication affects face‐to‐face ritual situations and how ritual is used in interaction mediated by mobile communication. He looks at the evidence, including interviews and observations from around the world, which documents the effect of mobile communication on social bonding and also examines some of the other possibly problematic issues raised by tighter social cohesion in small groups.Katz, James E. (ed.) 2008. Handbook of Mobile Communication Studies. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.This edited volume offers a comprehensive view of the cultural, family, and interpersonal consequences of mobile communication across the globe. Leading scholars analyze the effect of mobile communication on all parts of life, from the relationship between literacy and the textual features of mobile phones to the use of ringtones as a form of social exchange, from the 'aspirational consumption' of middle class families in India to the belief in parts of Africa and Asia that mobile phones can communicate with the dead. The contributors explore the ways mobile communication profoundly affects the tempo, structure, and process of daily life around the world. They discuss the impact of mobile communication on social networks, other communication strategies, traditional forms of social organization, and political activities. They consider how quickly miraculous technologies come to seem ordinary and even necessary – and how ordinary technology comes to seem mysterious and even miraculous. The chapters cut across social issues and geographical regions; they highlight use by the elite and the masses, utilitarian and expressive functions, and political and operational consequences. Taken together, the chapters demonstrate how mobile communication has affected the quality of life in both exotic and humdrum settings, and how it increasingly occupies center stage in people's lives around the world.Ling, Rich and Scott W. Campbell (eds.) Forthcoming in Fall/Winter 2008. The Reconstruction of Space and Time: Mobile Communication Practices. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.Mobile communication enables us to call specific individuals, not general places. This advancement had changed, and continues to change, human interaction. It also alters the ways people experience both space and time. This edited volume explores these changes through a collection of studies from some of the top mobile communication researchers from around the world. Collectively, the contributions highlight nuanced changes in coordination and cohesion across space and time, the ways people manage mobile communication and mobility in new spatio‐temporal realms, and how individuals relate to their co‐present surroundings while using mobile communication technology.Online materials Resource Center for Mobile Communication Studies http://www.scils.rutgers.edu/ci/cmcs/ The Center for Mobile Communication Studies is the world's first academic unit to focus solely on social aspects of mobile communication. Established in June 2004 at Rutgers University's School of Communication, Information and Library Studies, the Center has become an international focal point for research, teaching, and service on the social, psychological, and organizational consequences of the burgeoning mobile communication revolution. International Journal of Mobile Communication Studies https://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalID=40 The International Journal of Mobile Communication (IJMC), a fully refereed journal, publishes articles that present current practice and theory of mobile communications, mobile technology, and mobile commerce applications. The objectives of the IJMC are to develop, promote, and coordinate the development and practice of mobile communications. The IJMC aims to help professionals working in the field, academic educators, and policy makers to contribute, to disseminate knowledge, and to learn from each other's work. The international dimension is emphasised in order to overcome cultural and national barriers and to meet the needs of accelerating technological change and changes in the global economy. IJMC is an outstanding outlet that can shape a significant body of research in the field of mobile communications and in which results can be shared across institutions, governments, researchers, and students, and also industry. Wi: The Journal of Mobile Media http://wi‐not.ca/ Wi publishes the latest in Canadian mobilities research, encompassing disciplines such as design, engineering, computer science, communications, and media studies. MobileActive.org http://mobileactive.org/ MobileActive.org is an all‐volunteer community of people and organizations using mobile phones for social impact. They are committed to increasing the effectiveness of NGOs around the world who recognize that the 3.5 billion mobile phones provide unprecedented opportunities for organizing, communications, and service and information delivery. They work together to create the resources NGOs need to effectively use mobile phones in their work: locally relevant content and services, support and learning opportunities, and networks that help MobileActives connect to each other. With these things on hand, tens of thousands of NGOs will be in a better position to enrich and serve their communities. The MobileActive.org community includes grassroots activists, NGO staff, intermediary organizations, content and service providers, and organizations who fund mobile technology projects. Mobile Society http://www.mobilesociety.net/ Mobile Society is an academic research website focusing on social aspects of the mobile phone. The site includes links and information about news, events, publications, and other related sites pertaining to the social consequences of mobile communication. SmartMobs: The Next Social Revolution http://www.smartmobs.com/ A Website and Weblog about topics and issues discussed in the book 'Smart Mobs' by Howard Rheingold.Select sample syllabus topics and readings for course on 'the social consequences of mobile communication' History and adoption of the mobile phone
Ling, Rich. 2004. 'The Mobile Connection' Chapter 1: Introduction. Castells et al. 2007. 'Mobile Communication and Society' Chapter 1: The Diffusion of Wireless Communication in the World.
Theoretical perspectives on the relationship between technology and society: Part 1, social and technological determinism
Ling, Rich. 2004. 'The Mobile Connection' Chapter 2: Making Sense of Mobile Telephone Adoption. Campbell, Scott W. and Tracy C. Russo 2003. The Social Construction of Mobile Telephony. Communication Monographs 70: 317–34.
Theoretical perspectives on the relationship between technology and society: Part 2, the 'network' perspective
Castells, Manuel. 2000. 'The Rise of Network Society' Opening Chapter: The Network is the Message. Castells et al. 2007. 'Mobile Communication and Society' Chapter 5: The Space of Flows, Timeless Time, and Mobile Networks.
Mobile communication in everyday life: Part 1, safety and security
Ling, Rich. 2004. 'The Mobile Connection' Chapter 3: Safety and Security.
Mobile communication in everyday life: Part 2: new forms of coordination
Ling, Rich. 2004. 'The Mobile Connection' Chapter 4: The Coordination of Everyday Life.
Mobile communication in everyday life: Part 3: new social networking practices
Ling, Rich and Birgitte Yttri. 2002. 'Hyper‐coordination via Mobile Phones in Norway' in Katz & Aakhus (eds.) Perpetual Contact. Licoppe, Christian. 2003. 'Two Modes of Maintaining Interpersonal Relations through Telephone: From the Domestic to the Mobile Phone' in J. Katz (ed.) Machines that Become Us. Campbell, Scott. W. and Michael Kelley. 2006. Mobile phone use in AA networks: An exploratory study. Journal of Applied Communication Research 34: 191–208.
Apparatgeist: 'Spirit of the machine' and the fashion and function of the mobile phone
Katz, James E. and Mark Aakhus. 2002. 'Conclusion: Making meaning of mobiles – a theory of Apparatgeist' in Katz & Aakhus (eds.) Perpetual Contact. Campbell, Scott W. 2008. 'Mobile Technology and the Body: Apparatgeist, Fashion and Function' in J. Katz (eds.) Handbook of Mobile Communication.
SMS and the language of wireless communication
Ling, Rich. 2004. 'The Mobile Connection' Chapter 7: Texting and the Growth of Asynchronous Discourse. Castells et al. 2007. 'Mobile Communication and Society, Chapter 6: The Language of Wireless Communication.
Use of mobile technology in public settings
Ling, Rich. 2004. 'The Mobile Connection' Chapter 6: The Intrusive Nature of Mobile Technology. Okabe, Daisuke and Ito, Mizuko. 2005. 'Keitai in public transportation' in Ito, Okabe, & Matsuda (eds.) Personal, Portable, Pedestrian. Ito, Mizuko, Daisuke Okabe and Ken Anderson 2008. 'Portable Objects in Three Global Cities: The Personalization of Urban Places' in Ling & Campbell (eds.) Reconstruction of Space and Time: Mobile Communication Practices. Campbell, Scott W. 2006. Perceptions of mobile phones in college classrooms: Ringing, cheating, and classroom policies. Communication Education 55: 280–294.
M 10/22 Use of the technology around co‐present others and the challenge of 'absent presence'
Cumiskey, Kathleen. 2007. 'Hidden meanings: Understanding the social‐psychological impact of mobile phone use through storytelling' in Goggin & Hjorth (eds.) Mobile Media Proceedings. Gergen, Kenneth. 2002. 'The challenge of absent presence' in Katz & Aakhus (eds.) Perpetual Contact.
The mobile youth culture
Ling, Rich. 2004. 'The Mobile Connection' Chapter 5: The Mobile Telephone and Teens. Castells et al. 2007. 'Mobile Communication and Society' Chapter 4: The Mobile Youth Culture.
Mobile communication in the socio‐political sphere
Castells et al. 2007. 'Mobile Communication and Society Chapter 7: The Mobile Civil Society: Social Movements, Political Power, and Communication Networks. Rheingold, Howard. 2002. 'Smart Mobs' Chapter 7: Smart Mobs – The Power of the Mobile Many. Campbell, Scott W. and Nojin Kwak. 2008, May. Mobile communication and the public sphere: Linking patterns of use to civic and political engagement. Paper presented at the ICA pre‐conference, The Global and Globalizing Dimensions of Mobile Communication: Developing or Developed?, Montreal.
W 11/7 Mobile communication in the developing world
Castells et al. 2007. 'Mobile Communication and Society' Chapter 8: Wireless Communication and Global Development: New Issues, New Strategies. Donner, Jonathan. 2008. Research approaches to mobile use in the developing world: A review of the literature. The Information Society 24: 140–159. Donner, Jonathan. 2008. The rules of beeping: Exchanging messages via intentional 'missed calls' on mobile phones. Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication, 13(1). Available: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol13/issue1/donner.html.
M 11/12 Mobile communication and work
Andriessen, Erick and Mattai Vartianen. 2006. Emerging Mobile Virtual Work in Andriessen & Vartianen (eds.) Mobile Virtual Work: A New Paradigm? Perry, Mark and Jackie Brodie. 2006. Virtually Connected, Practically Mobile in Andriessen & Vartianen (eds.) Mobile Virtual Work: A New Paradigm? Chesley, Noelle. 2005. Blurring boundaries? Linking technology use, spillover, individual distress, and family satisfaction. Journal of Marriage and Family 67: 1237–1248.
OptionalFocus questions
To what extent does mobile communication lead to changes in family dynamics? On the one hand, mobile communication empowers youth to carry out their social relations 'under the radar' of parental supervision. In the 'old days', kids had to share a domestic landline phone and had less privacy, or had to shut themselves up in their room when on the phone to get privacy. The mobile phone is anytime/anywhere and it a personal object (not shared), so users have much more control over their private relations. Text messaging is an especially effective way of having private communication. Because of all this, young people have more autonomy to live out their social lives as they see fit. On the other hand, the mobile phone also gives parents more control by being able to better keep tabs on their kids and their kids' whereabouts. In some respects, it can actually be considered as an 'umbilical cord' keeping kids accountable to their parents. This is an interesting dichotomy for discussion. To what extent and how does the mobile phone support 'perpetual contact' among social ties? There seems to be a continual flow of communication now, which some refer to as 'perpetual contact'. Follow‐up questions could be: how is this a good thing? Are there negative aspects of perpetual contact? How is the mobile phone used for boundary management (i.e., demarcating in‐group members from out‐group members)? This can be seen in names kept in contact lists, who people text with, whose calls they screen, and even the style or brand of a phone ... some groups of friends get the same types of phones. What are the effects of taking/placing a phone call when interacting with physically co‐present others? What are norms for doing this? How can people mitigate the intrusion? On a related note to the questions above ... to what extent does the mobile phone lead to 'absent presence?' The notion of absent presence refers to being physically present, but socially absent. To what extent is this problematic? To what extent might mobile communication lead to 'tele‐cocooning?' Some are concerned that people are getting so wrapped up in their tight little social networks now, that they are less engaged with others who are weak social ties. If this is true, then it begs the question about whether there are benefits to having weak social ties. Most feel there are benefits, like being exposed to a diversity of perspectives and ideas. With regard to the changing media landscape, where else do we see increased 'personalization' in our uses of traditional mass media? In this sense, 'personalization' can refer to personalized content, interactivity, control, etc.
Research project idea (note this approach can be taken with any of the topics recommended above)Description of the paperMobile communication technology has become a common artifact in public settings, offering a means for social connection for its users and unsolicited melodies, chirps, and half conversations for co‐present others. Because social norms for behavior around others often conflict with those for phone conversations, mobile communication can present as many challenges as it does opportunities for maintaining social order. In class, we will discuss numerous perspectives on this topic, such as absent presence, symbolic fences, front stage‐back‐stage dynamics, and cocooning through mobile media. The purpose of this paper is to conduct an original investigation of the use of mobile communication technology around others. Each student will select a particular aspect of this phenomenon to explore in depth by collecting data first‐hand, analyzing those data, and drawing conclusions to shed new light on this topic. Students may choose to examine mobile communication in a particular setting, compare mobile communication in different social contexts or across different users, examine or compare the use of certain types of mobile technologies, observe reactions of and effects on non‐users of the technology, or select some other such 'angle' for the project that sheds light on this topic.Paper guidelinesYour paper should contain the following sections: (1) An introduction that justifies the importance of your topic and provides a clear explanation of the purpose of the paper, (2) a review of relevant literature/theory/key concepts to frame your particular project followed by specific research questions, (3) a method section explaining how you collected data (observation, interviews, questionnaires, and/or otherwise) and how you analyzed your data, and (4) a discussion section that develops conclusions based on the findings. Each paper should have at least 10 scholarly citations, of which at least half should come from readings other than those assigned for class. Use American Psychological Association (5th edition) to format citations and reference list. Papers should be about 10 pages in length, double‐spaced. In addition to meeting these guidelines, the writing should be clearly organized within each section and (of course) well‐written. Students will present their papers in class at the end of the semester.
International audience ; The 21st Century has been termed "the century of disasters." Worldwide there were twice as many disasters and catastrophes in the first decade of this century as in the last decade of the 20th Century. All continents are affected, both directly and indirectly. And the trend continues, fuelled by climate change, demographic changes and social dynamics. The serious challenges facing government in cities, regions and nations of the world relate to acute shocks (such as forest fires, floods, earthquakes, tsunamis, pandemics and terrorist attacks) and chronic stresses (such as high unemployment, religious extremism, inefficient public transport systems, endemic violence, chronic shortages of food and water). Information is among the key life-supporting essentials in a disaster response, as well as water and basic foods which are vital to sustain lives. It is information technology these days that gives us access to most of this information. We rely greatly on it. In this sense, information management with effective use of information systems should be conducted and evaluated among disaster relief agencies. Successful information management will result in making higher situational awareness in a field that is crucial for a disaster response. It also guides us to build a disaster-resilient community which can adapt the society to those unexpected events. These issues should be tackled at each level of the governance (international, national, regional, local, etc.), and with regards to all relevant dimensions (social, technological, interoperability, agility, etc.). This minitrack features government and disaster information management, including the development of disaster resilience communities/societies. Five papers have been selected that deal with any aspect of the analysis, design, development, deployment, implementation, integration, operation, use or evaluation of ICT for discussing government roles for disaster responses, disaster information management, and resilience communities. In ...
International audience ; The 21st Century has been termed "the century of disasters." Worldwide there were twice as many disasters and catastrophes in the first decade of this century as in the last decade of the 20th Century. All continents are affected, both directly and indirectly. And the trend continues, fuelled by climate change, demographic changes and social dynamics. The serious challenges facing government in cities, regions and nations of the world relate to acute shocks (such as forest fires, floods, earthquakes, tsunamis, pandemics and terrorist attacks) and chronic stresses (such as high unemployment, religious extremism, inefficient public transport systems, endemic violence, chronic shortages of food and water). Information is among the key life-supporting essentials in a disaster response, as well as water and basic foods which are vital to sustain lives. It is information technology these days that gives us access to most of this information. We rely greatly on it. In this sense, information management with effective use of information systems should be conducted and evaluated among disaster relief agencies. Successful information management will result in making higher situational awareness in a field that is crucial for a disaster response. It also guides us to build a disaster-resilient community which can adapt the society to those unexpected events. These issues should be tackled at each level of the governance (international, national, regional, local, etc.), and with regards to all relevant dimensions (social, technological, interoperability, agility, etc.). This minitrack features government and disaster information management, including the development of disaster resilience communities/societies. Five papers have been selected that deal with any aspect of the analysis, design, development, deployment, implementation, integration, operation, use or evaluation of ICT for discussing government roles for disaster responses, disaster information management, and resilience communities. In ...
The partial position paper on the topic of "Civic Engagement and Volunteering" is related to the parallel position papers of the working team of the ARL state working group NRW. Its task is to contribute to the presentation of future prospects for rural areas in North Rhine-Westphalia, to discuss problems and to make recommendations for stimulating and implementing measures. This paper focuses on the importance of civic engagement for the creation of the equivalence of living conditions, the provision of services of general interest in rural areas and as a driver of social innovation. Civic engagement is a pillar of rural development and must be understood as a driving force of regional economy, especially in rural areas. But engagement is changing. Associations, initiatives, municipalities and regions must respond to this if they take civic engagement and voluntary work seriously as a key force in shaping the future of rural areas. As a result of critically examining the challenges, the authors equate civic engagement in its core thesis with the cognition, appreciation and significance and their need for human and financial resources with that of local economic development (agencies). Four further thesis and concrete recommendations for action are derived from this basic understanding. They call for the creation of local/regional models and strategies for civic commitment in the sense of a clear "must have" for processes and projects on the future of rural areas in NRW. They refer to new concepts of life which are becoming more and more differentiated, to a culture of commitment and to a changing role of commitment in society. They point out options for networking activities, funding opportunities, support structures and their professionalization and plead for consistent investment in minds, formats and inspiring and impulse-giving places. Digitization and digital transformation are seen as a challenge, but above all as an opportunity for future engagement. The above topics are presented and explained in five core-requirements. Recommendations on the respective fields of action round off the treatise.
Over the past decade, avoiding deforestation has become a central element of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The focal point of this has been the incentive-based mechanism of REDD+, which stands for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation. A key notion in REDD+ is to establish incentives for developing countries to reduce their forest-related carbon emissions by creating and recognising a financial value for the carbon not emitted into the atmosphere. REDD+ has changed how tropical forests are managed, but has also been the source of much contestation. The effects of deforestation go beyond carbon emissions, leading some actors to argue that biodiversity or socioeconomic factors, and not carbon, should be the priority of managing deforestation. This thesis demonstrates that words, and the way we make sense of deforestation, matter. They matter because they prioritise certain underlying ideas, notions and understandings, while neglecting others. These, in turn, shape the way we approach deforestation. Using argumentative discourse analysis (Hajer 1995), I explore the role of deforestation in global climate politics along the following overarching research questions: 1) which are the dominant storylines and discourses on REDD+ and 2) how are storylines and discourses articulated and manifested in REDD+? My key conceptual and analytical tool in addressing these questions is discursive storylines. In short, these are condensed figures of speech through which actors make sense of complex issues without recourse to comprehensive and cumbersome explanations. They are organised around certain discourse(s) and manifested through certain practices. My empirical focus is on the UNFCCC negotiations on REDD+. The main sources of data were texts in the form of UNFCCC official documents, as well as a wealth of secondary material. In addition, I attended six UNFCCC Conference of Parties (COPs) and intercessional-meetings, and conducted 38 semi-structured interviews. The analysis has lead to four academic papers. Paper I maps the key storylines and discourses on REDD+; Paper II explores a 'new' emerging discourse which is entering the REDD+ debates; Paper III analyses the technical debates on monitoring forest carbon flows in REDD+ and connects them to key storylines; and Paper IV analyses the operationalisation of social safeguards in REDD+ and how REDD+ is legitimised. A key result identifies REDD+ as dominated by an ecological modernisation discourse and a more marginalised civic environmental discourse. As a consequence of this dominance, the role of deforestation in global climate politics is characterised by the following aspects: favouring of commodification of forest carbon over ecological and social aspects; a global rather than a local focus; an emphasis on market instruments at the expense of alternative options; a reliance on experts and technology rather than local based knowledge. My results further illustrate how the two dominant discourses permeate into different practices in REDD+, e.g. how forest carbon monitoring practices operationalisation of social safeguards both contribute to and are embedded in the overarching discursive debates on REDD+. Moreover, analysing the emergence of a third discourse, the integrated landscape approach discourse, this thesis argues that while the new discourse may have gained credibility and legitimacy, it has yet to impose its logics and rationales on REDD+ in a profound way.
Numerous researches of the art of music in a regional aspect have become one of the priority directions of the Ukrainian musical science. It is an important constituent of an objective representation of musical artistic achievements in the national and foreign musical world. Elucidation of the musical process in villages, towns and cities of Ukraine (socio-locuses – V.Kulyk) is quite necessary for a revival of our national musical gains, which in the period of the Soviet musical historiography were analysed insufficiently. The topicality of regional researches lies in a possibility of reproducing the history of Ukrainian music in all its versatility and integrity in counterbalance to the typical for the previous decades fragmentariness. Investigation of forms and peculiarities of the music life of cities and towns of Ukraine, cognition of their sense relatedness in the context of peculiarities of the national mentality predetermines a basis for the scientific conception of regional scientific investigations of the present day Ukrainian musical science. The direction of the vectors of the Ukrainian philosophical, culturological, socio-aesthetical thought, ethnomusicology, musical sociology at regional problems is predetermined by the present day socio-political conditions of democratization and humanization of social relations in Ukraine, the possibility of cities, towns and settlements of every region on the basis of an all-national program to revive many arts traditions of the past days.In such a way it becomes possible to learn concrete facts about the locality which has its own historical and cultural value but is not adjusted to the generally accepted scheme. It is worth while to mention works by such culturologists as V.Chernets, V.Leontiyeva, V.Lychkovakh as well as the historians P.Tronko, G.Samoilenko, M.Vodzinsky in the row of key papers on theoretical aspects of regional problems. Many scientific papers, specifically, by M.Zahaikevich, K.Shamayeva, O.Kononova,T. Martynyuk, V. Kuzyk, B. Filtz,V. Mitlytska, L.Kyianovska, O.Vasyuta, A.Lytvynenko and O.Shapovalova are dedicated to the problems of moulding regional arts environment as a systemic organization of musical culture. The goal of the article is elucidation of some ethno-regional aspects of the Ukrainian musicology in the context of systemic understanding of the national musical legacy.Musical regionalistics, as a comparatively young branch of Ukrainian musicology, dwells at the stage of forming scientific and practical context. Historically, being built up in the 1960-ies within historical musicology at the beginning of the XXI century it became a complex direction of researches not only of the musical culture of majorcities, such as Kyiv, Kharkov, Lviv, Odessa, but also of small towns and villages of Ukraine, as "cultural socio-locuses" in which there exist artistic forms of creative activities of their inhabitants belonging to both professionals and amateurs: composers, singers, musical instrument players, choire, orchestra, dancing groups of educational and cultural establishments. The term belongs to the researcher V.Kuzyk, who for the first time adapts the theory of cultural localization on the national Ukrainian ground from the position of historical and political statehood.A considerable part of regional problems is the study of musical local lore, in the field of whose investigation lies finding and working out of local musical lore material (archives, mass media, publicism, private documents of cultural workers); interaction of the material-natural (architectural edifices, the landscape of the town) and spiritual and cultural (art traditions in a historical aspect, polyethnical structure of the population, renditorial and composer activities) factors in the musical surroundings of the town, as well as forms of participation of its citizens in local designs and arrangemnts (urban, regional, national, international competitions and festivals, fairs, concerts, calendar and folk ritual festivities). In such a way a revival of culture and arts connections of generations is exercised, whose natural evolution had been broken by the pre-programmed policy of the totalitarian epoch.In the categorial and conceptual sphere of music folklore the term "musical surroundings" is being widely spread. It is a totality of all the musical aspects of the culture of a town (village, region), which is formed due to the activities of professional and amateur musicians, representatives of the academic and folk musical culture.Undersnanding (comprehension) of its essence is conducive to the cognition of social experience of nations, historical and cultual memory of ethno-communities, gives an opportunity to find out local-regional peculiarities of musical life of certain socio-locuses. Symptoms of its formation and development are historical continuity in preservation of musical values; the dynamics of music movement in the dialectics of traditions and innovating; reproductive and creative activities of citizens directed on creating and dissemination of music aesthetic values ; existence of establishments of culture and education as places of materialization by subjects of musical creative activity (renditional and composer's). An essential factor of the musical environment is the musical art as a philosophical category of culture which influences the inner spiritual life of people, as a psychological necessity of the nation, indicator of social maturity, synthethizer of artistic experience.Thus, the regional direction of investigations of Ukrainian musicology at the present day stage is characterized by cognition of forms of music life of a small town, attracts researchers' attention by idiosyncratic manifestations offolk and professional creativeness in it, which organically and harmoniously fits in the all-national space of Ukraine,European and world musical culture. ; Стаття посвящена раскрытию составляющих региональной проблематики современного украинского музыковедения, среди которых музыкальное краеведение, музыкальная среда. Они являются основными в исследовании музыкальной культуры и искусства в большых и малых городах Украины. ; Стаття присвячена розкриттю складових регіональної проблематики сучасного українського музикознавства, серед яких музичне краєзнавство, музичне середовище. Вони є провідними в дослідженні музичної культури й мистецтва у великих та малих містах України.
