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In this short critical perspective, we outline the serious problems caused by air pollution in Europe. Using two types of metrics, level assessment and trend assessment, we quantify the contribution of ammonia, NO(x), SO(x), non‐methane volatile organic compounds, and particulate matter in terms of years of life lost per capita and explain the connection between the various pollutants and their effects on human health and the environment. This is done on the basis of data collected by individual European Union (EU) member states as well as by the EU as a whole. We examine general emission trends as well as sector‐specific emissions and discuss the effectiveness of current legislation in reducing health risks and environmental damage. By combining these results with a cost–benefit analysis, we show that a further reduction in NO(x) emissions is the most urgent and potentially the most beneficial.

Many cities in Kosovo suffer from poor air quality, with ambient concentrations of particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less (PM2.5) significantly exceeding the national and European Union (EU) standards and global air quality guidelines for PM2.5 established by the World Health Organization (WHO). The air pollution in the capital city of Prishtina rivals that of big cities like Beijing, Mumbai, and New Delhi. Especially in winter, urban areas face severe smog episodes, caused by the increased demand for heat from the residential and commercial sector, which is mainly provided by burning solid fuels. Such levels of air pollution are unsafe for Kosovo's population of 1.9 million and cause significant deleterious health impacts. This report is one in a series of three reports on air quality management (AQM) in Kosovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and North Macedonia. It examines the nature and magnitude of ambient air pollution (AAP) in Kosovo. It provides estimates of the health burden and the economic cost associated with the health impacts of AAP, that is, PM2.5, in Kosovo. It also analyzes of the roles of various sources of PM2.5 emissions on ambient air quality in Kosovo at a national level. The institutional and policy framework for AQM in the country is examined, including contributions of other development institutions in supporting Kosovo in addressing air pollution. Furthermore, the report presents experiences of selected countries that have applied different policy, investment, and technical interventions for air pollution, prevention, reduction, and abatement. Finally, it provides recommendations for reducing air pollution in Kosovo.

Intro -- Title page -- Table of Contents -- Copyright -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Traffic-related air pollution: Emissions, human exposures, and health: An introduction -- Abstract -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Chapter 2: Air pollution, air quality, vehicle emissions, and environmental regulations -- Abstract -- Sources of air pollution -- Pollutant concentration and units -- History of air pollution control regulations in the United States -- Pollutant emission trends in the United States -- Transportation emissions in the United States -- Transportation emissions and near-road communities -- Conclusion -- Chapter 3: Traffic monitoring and modeling for energy, air quality, and health -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Traffic monitoring data -- Modeling advances -- Gaps and opportunities -- Conclusions -- Chapter 4: Vehicle emissions measurement and modeling -- Abstract -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Vehicle emissions monitoring -- Vehicle emissions modeling -- Current and future challenges -- Summary and conclusions -- Chapter 5: Air pollution monitoring and modeling -- Abstract -- Monitoring -- Modeling -- Model to monitor comparisons -- Summary and conclusion -- Chapter 6: Traffic-related air pollution and exposure assessment -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Exposure pathways -- Vehicle emissions -- Traffic-related air pollution -- Exposure assessment methods -- Conclusions -- Chapter 7: Air pollution epidemiology -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Short history of air pollution epidemiology -- Epidemiological designs for studying short-term health effects of air pollution -- Epidemiological designs for studying long-term health effects of air pollution -- Experimental designs in air pollution epidemiology -- Summary -- Chapter 8: Systematic reviews and metaanalyses of air pollution epidemiological studies -- Abstract -- Introduction.

Cover title. ; Report prepared pursuant to proposal 293 sponsored by Representative William F. Gibbs. ; Mode of access: Internet.

This product is not available separately, it is only sold as part of a set. There are 750 products in the set and these are all sold as one entity, The impact of air pollution on human health is currently of international concern. A comprehensive review of the subject is given in this volume, which complements the previous title covering air quality management. Dealing with the common gaseous and particulate air pollutants, including chemical carcinogens, it reviews the epidemiological and exposure chamber study research as well as considering mechanistic studies in the case of particulate matter. Air Pollution and Health also addresses the practical issue of setting standards for human exposure to air pollution by including the philosophy of standard setting and a review of currently available standards, along with a description of the setting of USEPA revised standards for ozone and particulate matter. Current knowledge of indoor air pollution is also discussed. As with all other books in the series, this volume will be of interest to the general public as well as being an important reference source for all those involved in the field, be it as student, industrialist, government agent, or health professional