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This book provides an in-depth and timely analysis of the member states' compliance patterns with the key European Union Anti-Discrimination Directives. It examines the various structural, administrative, and individual aspects which significantly affect the degree and the nature of compliance patterns in select European Union member states.

The past three decades have witnessed dramatic transformations in Danish anti-discrimination law. Multiple methodologies—from semi-structured interviews and contemporary newspaper articles to empirical analyses of new datasets—are employed to elucidate how and why these shifts occurred. The analysis focuses on the agency of a small group of well-funded and sophisticated legal actors, who first harnessed the power of the preliminary reference procedure to advance gender discrimination claims in the 1980s and 1990s. This strategy was repeated—successfully—when Denmark adopted disability rights legislation for the first time in the 2000s. The present article builds—and offers a fresh perspective—on existing literature that investigates where, why and how Member State courts engage with EU law and the preliminary reference procedure.

This unique volume offers a survey of legal and legislative means to combat racism, xenophobia, anti-semitism and other forms of related intolerance. Its aim is threefold: 1) to provide a legal model for fighting racism, xenophobia, anti-semitism and discrimination through domestic legislation; 2) to compare existing national legislation with international legal instruments designed to combat racial and other forms of discrimination, in order to bring domestic laws into line with international legal norms; 3) to provide a tool for researchers, legislators, human rights activists and all those who work to protect the rights of minorities and victims of incitement and discrimination, as well as for domestic and international institutions, which monitor compliance with these laws. The survey thus constitutes a major contribution to the study of racism and anti-semitism because it demonstrates how these phenomena can be fought through the medium of the law. The volume consists of two sections: the first, containing international conventions; the second, and main section, containing current constitutional law, specific legislation and ratification of international conventions in (over 200) individual states

Efforts to tackle discrimination in access to basic services have shown mixed results in different country settings. This study examines the positive and negative outcomes attributed to anti-discrimination measures adopted in different country contexts and analyses the factors contributing to these outcomes, with a specific focus on anti-discrimination measures in education. An analysis of trends in inequalities in human development is used to identify three countries that have seen positive change in reducing inequalities and three countries that have seen negative change. This is followed by a literature review exploring the factors that have contributed to the changes observed in these six cases. We find that reductions in inequalities have been achieved in those countries where targeted measures have gone alongside universal measures, where the constitution is used to generate an equity-focused political discourse, and where evidence on exclusion from education has been taken up politically.