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Este trabajo examina la elegía In Memory of Sigmund Freud de Auden a la luz del propio exilio del autor en Estados Unidos. La transferencia de experiencias artísticas, actitudes e inquietudes culturales que Auden pone en juego en este poema permite entrever la compleja condición del exilio en plena guerra mundial. Conducente al análisis de esta condición, el trabajo revisa las zozobras del compromiso político de Auden, el clima cultural inglés y norteamericano hacia finales de los treinta, la reorientación de su voz elegíaca a partir de In H. Memory of W. Yeats, su relación con Chester Kallman y su acercamiento al judaísmo y la significación de esta vinculación en The Age of Anxiety. Finalmente, la lectura psicoanalítica de la elegía pretende reflejar la incidencia de estas experiencias en su composición. ; This paper reexamines Auden's elegy In memory of Sigmund Freud through the lenses of Auden's own exile in America. The transference of artistic experiences, attitudes and cultural concerns displayed by Auden allows the reader to glimpse at the complex condition of his exile at the end of the thirties. Leading to the analysis of this condition this paper revises Auden's political changes at that crossroad, the cultural options offered by America at that time, his poetic reorientation as evinced in In H. Memory of W. Yeats, his relation with Chester Kallman and approach to the Jewish religious tradition and its impact in The Age of Anxiety. The psychoanalytic reading of the elegy tries to capture the resonance of these experiences and some of their biographical background.

Il saggio mostra la presenza di un palinsesto audeniano nei Four Quartets di T.S. Eliot facendo riferimento a uno specifico passo di Little Gidding e alla poesia "In Memory of W. B. Yeats". La contiguità temporale che rende plausibile il rapporto tra i due testi - scritti rispettivamente nel 1941-42 e nel Febbraio del 1939, a seguito delatore di Yeats in Gennaio del 1939 - si associa al comune oggetto tematico: il recentemente scomparso Yeats. Il poeta irlandese offre lo spunto per una riflessione sulla poesia e sulla funzione dell'arte e dell'intellettuale, condotta attraverso l'opposizione tra thought and theory da un lato e il gift poetico dall'altro. Yeats è infatti il dead master, il "compound ghost" con cui tanto Eliot quanto Auden articolano i problemi del rapporto ideologia-poesia; è la figura che consente, seppure elusivamente, di precisare i contorni ideologici eliotiani rispetto ai quali la poesia si offre come riscatto. ; The essay argues for the presence of an Audenean palimpsest in Eliot's Four Quartets, by referring to a specific passage in "Little Gidding" and to the poem "In Memory of W. B. Yeats". The temporal proximity suggesting the connection between the two texts – written, respectively, in 1941-42 and in February 1939, following Yeates' death in January of that year – is substantiated by their common thematic object: the recently departed Yeats. The Irish poet, now among the dead, provides the occasion for a critical reflection on poetry as well as on artistic and intellectual practice. Transitively referred to Yeats, both Auden's and Eliot's concerns center around the opposition between thought and theory, on the one hand, and the poetic "gift", on the other; between the limitations and distortions of politico-ideological militancy and the exercise of a poetry as a way to redeem them. Yeats is thus the "dead master" in whom both Eliot and Auden can see mirrored their own intellectual trajectory, detecting in the purgatorial words of the "compound ghost", no matter how elusive, traces of moral-religious and aesthetic, but also ideological and political meanings, otherwise undetectable.

Recently Samuel Fleischacker has developed Kant's model of enlightenment as a "minimalist enlightenment" in the tradition of a relatively thin proceduralism focused on the form of public debate and interaction. I want to discuss the possibility that such a minimalism, endorsed by Fleischacker, Habermas, Rawls, and others, benefits from a metaphysics of critical individual subjectivity as a prerequisite for the social proceduralism of the minimalist enlightenment. I argue that Kant's enlightenment, metaphysically thicker than much contemporary proceduralism, constitutes a recovery and transformation of a subjective interiority deeply Cartesian in spirit and central to the reciprocity of the community of subjects in What is Enlightenment. This opens a space for a site of resistance to the social. Descartes' solus secedo describes the analogical space of such a resistance for Kant's sapere aude. The Meditations thus point forward implicitly to how a rational subject might achieve critical distance from tradition in its various forms, epistemic, ethical, moral, and political.

Abstract

Aims
Patients who have undergone some forms of bariatric surgery have increased risk of developing alcohol use disorder (AUD). In the present observational study, we compared patients with AUD who themselves reported to having undergone bariatric surgery with other patients in treatment for AUD.


Materials
One-hundred-and-six consecutively enrolled patients in residential treatment for AUD were asked if they had undergone bariatric surgery. Sociodemographics, mental health-related, and alcohol use-related parameters were compared between those who had and those who had not undergone bariatric surgery.


Results
Of the 106 patients with AUD, seven (6.6%; 95% confidence interval, 2.7%–13.1%) had undergone bariatric surgery. Six of seven patients had undergone such surgery were women (P < .001). The patients with AUD who had undergone bariatric surgery were similar to other patients with AUD on most other parameters, the exception being a larger number of alcohol units ingested to feel an effect of alcohol (adjusted odds ratio 7.1; 95% confidence interval 2.0–12.2; P = .007).


Conclusion
The high number of patients with AUD that reported having undergone bariatric surgery emphasizes the risks following such a procedure. The overrepresentation of women may reflect than more women undergo such procedures. The unexpected finding that patients with AUD having undergone bariatric surgery seemed to need more alcohol to feel intoxicated warrants further research.

Pemerintahan dibentuk pada dasarnya untuk pelayanan kepada masyarakat. Paradigma penyelenggaraan pemerintahan didasarkan pada rule of government yang ditujukan semata-mata bukan pada kepentingan masyarakat saja, tetapi juga untuk megara itu sendiri. Pada prinsipnya suatu pemerintahan yang baik (good governance), selalu memperhatikan kebutuhan negara-negaranya melalui kebijakan yang dapat membuat negara dan warga negara sejahtera, memiliki komitmen untuk mencapai tujuan bersama.