Les violations graves des droits humains sont une des principales causes des conflits armés. Certains conflits sont le théâtre de plusieurs de ces violations – crimes de guerre et contre l'humanité y compris. Punir les auteurs de ces crimes constitue généralement une des mesures essentielles de prévention de ces types de conflits. Cependant, si les rapports de force ne permettent pas de prononcer la victoire décisive de l'une ou plusieurs parties et que l'on doive résoudre le conflit par voie de négociation, il devient souvent impossible d'écarter les seigneurs de guerre, qu'il faudrait traduire en justice, du fait qu'ils sont indissociables du processus de paix. L'objectif principal de cet article est de proposer une réponse au dilemme qui en résulte dans les cas spécifiques de trois pays africains : le Libéria, la Sierra Leone et l'Ouganda.
Gross human rights violations are often amongst the main causes of armed conflicts. More of these abuses occur during the armed conflict itself. It is widely believed that punishing the crimes that occurred during a conflict constitutes one of the essential measures of effective conflict resolution & post-conflict peace-building. However, when no decisive victory is achieved by any party & the conflict must hence be resolved through negotiations, warlords who are responsible for some of these crimes refuse to agree on any ceasefire except on the condition of an amnesty. The main aim of this article is to find an answer to the dilemma created by this situation: achieve peace & ensure justice for the victims altogether. This paper deals with this tricky issue, focusing on three specific African countries: Liberia, Sierra Leone, & Uganda. Adapted from the source document.
AbstractAfter its independence in 1960, following the droughts that occurred in particular that of 1973, 1984, and 2005, Niger promoted irrigation to feed its population through state‐led large‐scale projects. Over the years, structural problems, including the fast growing population and the effects of climate change and variability, have rendered the approach less efficient. The 2000s were marked by a change in approach that put producers at the heart. Thus, projects and programs have been initiated with the I3N initiative Nigeriens Feeding Nigeriens as a guiding strategy since 2011 to ensure sustainable agriculture and food security. Most of the projects aimed at the development of small‐scale irrigation through increased financing and new technologies to take advantage of the significant irrigable potential. Despite these efforts, the irrigation sector is yet to meet food security. This article assesses the situation of micro‐irrigation and identifies current needs. The methodology adopted consists of a review of official documentation on irrigation in Niger, data collected during agricultural fairs, such as the Sahel Niger 2020, and the 4th Edition of the Fair of Irrigation and Drainage (SAFID), combined with related literature. Results revealed the existence of an estimated irrigable land potential of 270,000 ha and 10,942,568 ha, depending on the groundwater depth. Drip technology is proving to be in full expansion, with growing interest from start‐ups and the private sector. Technological innovation is dominated by locally made and imported technologies, the emergence of digitalization, and remote irrigation. Currently, micro‐irrigation is a top priority among climate‐smart technologies, in addition to strengthening technologies for access to water resources, technical capacities of producers, particularly advisories, the strengthening of research, the popularization of micro‐irrigation technologies, access to financing and securing land tenure. Other needs persist in terms of strengthening science‐society‐policy interfaces and effective climate services for risk management.
This study assesses the pedagogical content knowledge of Senior High School Social Studies teachers in the Accra Metropolis, Ghana. A sample size of 86 teachers was chosen using a multi-stage (purposive, convenience) sampling approach. Questionnaires and semi-structured interview guides were the primary data-gathering tools. The study's findings revealed that a substantial number of teachers met the minimum academic qualification for teaching social studies at the Senior High School level in Ghana, with the majority of teachers holding a B. Ed/BA in Social Studies. Again, the majority of instructors believed that their academic experience influenced their social studies teaching. The study recommends that the Ghana Education Service should only recruit teachers with the required academic background in social studies to teach the subject. Also, the teachers without the required academic background should be taken through in-service training to provide them with the appropriate social studies Pedagogical Content Knowledge.
International audience ; The urban center of Fada N'Gourma in the eastern region of Burkina Faso at the crossroads ofseveral West African countries, covers an area of 350 km², with a population of around 66,173inhabitants in 2019 (INSD-Est, 1996-2006. P. 222 ; Projection DAHANI. I, 2020). The centralmarket of this city was created between 1395 to 1439. The activities of this market play a role inurban development, through its social, economic, political and urban function. It catalyzes urbanlife and increases the dynamics in this space. The central market contributes to the urbandevelopment of Fada N'Gourma at the social, economic, infrastructural and spatial levels.The present investigation is essentially built on a field research by collecting primary data. Itaims to present the contribution of the central market to the urban development of FadaN'Gourma. Thus, the analysis of this urban contribution shows that this market is an importantlever in the economic and social development of the said city. ; Le centre urbain de Fada N'Gourma dans la région de l'Est du Burkina Faso au carrefour deplusieurs pays de l'Afrique de l'Ouest, couvre une superficie de de 350 km², avec une populationd'environ 66 173 habitants en 2019 (INSD-Est, 1996-2006. p. 222 ; Projection DAHANI. I,2020). Le marché central de cette ville a vu le jour entre 1395 à 1439. Les activités de ce marchéjouent un rôle dans le développement urbain, par sa fonction sociale, économique, politique eturbaine. Il catalyse la vie urbaine et accroit la dynamique sur cette espace. Le marché centralcontribue au développement urbain de Fada N'Gourma au plan, social, économique,infrastructurel, et spatial.La présente investigation est essentiellement construite sur une recherche de terrain par lacollecte des données primaires. Elle vise à présenter la contribution du marché central audéveloppement urbain de Fada N'Gourma. Ainsi, l'analyse de cet apport urbain montre que cemarché est un levier important dans le développement économique et social de ladite ville.
The relationship between infrastructure project owners and their contractors is generally governed by contract law. However, where the project owner is a State, there are often additional requirements from public law to be complied with. The challenges posed by the interplay between public law and private contractual relationships in such context have been highlighted by litigation concerning the effect of a constitutional requirement that any international business and economic transaction to which the Government of Ghana (GoG) is a party is not to become operational without parliamentary approval. Through analysis of five decisions of the Supreme Court of Ghana on the interpretation of this constitutional provision, this piece highlights the devastating consequences that inattention to public law could have on parties who contract with the GoG and its agencies. It also examines the extent to which the judicial interpretation of the constitutional requirement really furthers the interests of transparency and openness that it was intended to promote.
This paper examines the development of National Health Insurance (NHI) policy in Ghana and Canada using the multiple streams framework (MSF) as the theoretical lens. It undertakes a diachronic case study by comparing how Ghana and Canada eventually adopted national health insurance as a health care policy reform. The two countries introduced universal health care policy reforms, which, in the case of Ghana, necessitated the advent of the NHI policy in 2003. Though the two countries have different institutional settings, they both succeeded in their health care reforms. The study contends that the multiple streams framework is useful for explaining policy change in both developed and developing countries.
