Au Niger, le désengagement de l'État de la gestion des grands aménagements hydro-agricoles dans les années 1980 a conduit à un transfert des responsabilités aux organisations paysannes. L'article analyse les dynamiques de construction de nouvelles règles de gestion locale des aménagements et leur pérennité. L'analyse s'articule autour de la notion de "gouvernance hybride", processus enchâssé dans la structure sociale qui garantit l'accès à l'eau mais pas nécessairement la viabilité technico-économique des aménagements.
A socio-economic study was executed in South East Niger to determine the conditions under which a novel mycopesticide based on the fungus Metarhizium flavoviride could be introduced for locust and grasshopper control as a possible alternative reducing the use of synthetic chemicals. From the interviews, all farmers estimated locusts and grasshoppers to be one of three major pests. The survey revealed that 93.8% of the farmers conduct collective pesticide applications. About 45.5% of the farmers received support from the brigades, at least once. The remaining farmers (54.5%) were not assisted by the brigades due to a lack of pesticides. Farmers estimate that the choice of any pesticide greatly depends upon its knock-down ability (57.5%) or the numbers of cadavers found after a treatment (42.5%). Most farmers (82%) consider the government to be responsible for locust and migrant grasshoppers control. On average, farmers were willing to pay US$ 1.00 per ha per year, to protect their crops. ; Peer Review
AbstractThis paper aims to analyze the food security situation in Mali in a post conflict context. The results show thatthe population's vulnerability to recurrent climatic shocks, exacerbated by conflicts, has led to a decline inagricultural production, extreme poverty and an increase in food prices, resulting in a situation of foodinsecurity. The security crisis has also had significant negative effects on food security and the fight againstfamines. Several projects against famines could not be fully implemented because of the conflicts. As a result,the food security and nutrition situation has deteriorated in conflict areas despite the involvement ofhumanitarian NGOs and the government.Key words: conflict, food security, policy, development, community, Mali ; RésuméL'objectif de cet article est d'analyser la situation de la sécurité alimentaire au Mali. Les résultats montrent quela vulnérabilité des populations aux chocs climatiques récurrents, exacerbée par les conflits a entraîné une baissede la production agricole, une extrême pauvreté et l'augmentation des prix des denrées alimentaires conduisant àune situation d'insécurité alimentaire. La crise sécuritaire a eu aussi d'importants effets négatifs sur la sécuritéalimentaire et la lutte contre la faim. Plusieurs projets de lutte contre la faim n'ont pu être complètementexécutés à cause des conflits. Ainsi, la situation de la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle s'est dégradée dansles zones de conflits malgré l'implication des ONGs humanitaires et du gouvernement.Mots clé : conflit, sécurité alimentaire, politique, développement, communauté
Introduction / Ridwan Laher and Korir Sing'Oei. - 1. Indigenous as equals under the African Charter / Cynthia Morel. - 2. Historical development of indigenous identification and rights in Africa / Dr Felix Ndahinda. - 3. The Impact of Dominant Environment Policies on Indigenous Peoples in Africa / Melakou Tegegn. - 4. Gender and indigenous peoples' rights / Soyata Maiga. - 5. Constitutional reform and minority exclusion / Dr Paul Goldsmith. - 6. Advocacy for indigenous peoples' rights in Africa / George Mukundi Wachira and Tuuli Karjala. - 7. A challenging nexus / Laura A. Young. - 8. The past is never just in the past / Ridwan Laher. - 9. Conclusion / Ridwan Laher and Korir Sing'Oei
The emergence of new technologies and the expansion of digitalisation have created an opportunity for e-commerce to develop. A supplier and a buyer of goods and services meet in the e-environment and solve their problem without direct contact, which is mutually beneficial. Accordingly, when it comes to globalisation, e-commerce, as a system, becomes an important topic of research in general, and, in particular, it is vital for small and medium enterprises (SMEs), since most enterprises in the European Union (EU) are SMEs. Latvia and Lithuania are EU Member States, and SMEs are dominant in these two Baltic States. The aim of the research is to identify and compare the opinions of producers/sellers and buyers on the positive contribution of e-commerce to date and the problems caused by e-commerce for both sides. The research employed data from Eurostat, OECD and the Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia as well as the authors' own data from a survey (e-commerce users: suppliers (n=112) and buyers (n=138) of goods and services) conducted in Latvia and Lithuania. An analysis of the statistical data reveals the current objective position of e-commerce in both countries. The proportion of small and medium enterprises involved in this process is increasing. At the same time, the processing of the results of the e-commerce survey enables the authors to see a subjective view of this process, which includes both positive and negative features of both the buyers and the sellers. Identifying problems and comparing the situations in the two neighbouring countries opens the way to find e-commerce development directions and reduce the problems not only economically but also geographically and ethnically, as the objective data on e-commerce are not identical for Latvia and Lithuania, even though the data are positive and only slightly different.
The emergence of new technologies and the expansion of digitalisation have created an opportunity for e-commerce to develop. A supplier and a buyer of goods and services meet in the e-environment and solve their problem without direct contact, which is mutually beneficial. Accordingly, when it comes to globalisation, e-commerce, as a system, becomes an important topic of research in general, and, in particular, it is vital for small and medium enterprises (SMEs), since most enterprises in the European Union (EU) are SMEs. Latvia and Lithuania are EU Member States, and SMEs are dominant in these two Baltic States. The aim of the research is to identify and compare the opinions of producers/sellers and buyers on the positive contribution of e-commerce to date and the problems caused by e-commerce for both sides. The research employed data from Eurostat, OECD and the Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia as well as the authors' own data from a survey (e-commerce users: suppliers (n=112) and buyers (n=138) of goods and services) conducted in Latvia and Lithuania. An analysis of the statistical data reveals the current objective position of e-commerce in both countries. The proportion of small and medium enterprises involved in this process is increasing. At the same time, the processing of the results of the e-commerce survey enables the authors to see a subjective view of this process, which includes both positive and negative features of both the buyers and the sellers. Identifying problems and comparing the situations in the two neighbouring countries opens the way to find e-commerce development directions and reduce the problems not only economically but also geographically and ethnically, as the objective data on e-commerce are not identical for Latvia and Lithuania, even though the data are positive and only slightly different. ; Pojawienie się nowych technologii i rozwój cyfryzacji stworzyły okazję dla rozwoju handlu elektronicznego. Dostawca i nabywca towarów i usług spotykają się w środowisku elektronicznym i rozwiązują swoje problemy bez bezpośredniego kontaktu, przynosząc wzajemne korzyści. W UE i w krajach badanych przez niniejsze badanie MŚP stanowią większość ogółu przedsiębiorstw. W związku z tym handel elektroniczny (e-handel) jako system, w świetle globalizacji, staje się ważnym priorytetem badawczym, a ocena tego z perspektywy dostawców i nabywców jest szczególnym zadaniem niniejszego badania. W niniejszym badaniu wykorzystano dane Eurostatu, OECD i Centralnego Biura Statystycznego Łotwy, a także dane autorów z ankiety (użytkownicy handlu elektronicznego: dostawcy (n = 112) i nabywcy (n = 138) towarów i usług) przeprowadzenego na Łotwie i Litwie. Analiza danych pozwoliła stwierdzić, że pozytywne i negatywne perspektywy badanego zjawiska zostały podane zarówno przez dostawców, jak i nabywców. Z tego powodu istnieje potrzeba zmotywowania społeczeństwa jako całości i struktur zarządzania na wszystkich szczeblach, aby uzgodnić nowoczesność z tradycyjną, co jest spowodowane ekspansją handlu elektronicznego.
The emergence of new technologies and the expansion of digitalisation have created an opportunity for e-commerce to develop. A supplier and a buyer of goods and services meet in the e-environment and solve their problem without direct contact, which is mutually beneficial. Accordingly, when it comes to globalisation, e-commerce, as a system, becomes an important topic of research in general, and, in particular, it is vital for small and medium enterprises (SMEs), since most enterprises in the European Union (EU) are SMEs. Latvia and Lithuania are EU Member States, and SMEs are dominant in these two Baltic States. The aim of the research is to identify and compare the opinions of producers/sellers and buyers on the positive contribution of e-commerce to date and the problems caused by e-commerce for both sides. The research employed data from Eurostat, OECD and the Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia as well as the authors' own data from a survey (e-commerce users: suppliers (n=112) and buyers (n=138) of goods and services) conducted in Latvia and Lithuania. An analysis of the statistical data reveals the current objective position of e-commerce in both countries. The proportion of small and medium enterprises involved in this process is increasing. At the same time, the processing of the results of the e-commerce survey enables the authors to see a subjective view of this process, which includes both positive and negative features of both the buyers and the sellers. Identifying problems and comparing the situations in the two neighbouring countries opens the way to find e-commerce development directions and reduce the problems not only economically but also geographically and ethnically, as the objective data on e-commerce are not identical for Latvia and Lithuania, even though the data are positive and only slightly different. ; Pojawienie się nowych technologii i rozwój cyfryzacji stworzyły okazję dla rozwoju handlu elektronicznego. Dostawca i nabywca towarów i usług spotykają się w środowisku elektronicznym i rozwiązują swoje problemy bez bezpośredniego kontaktu, przynosząc wzajemne korzyści. W UE i w krajach badanych przez niniejsze badanie MŚP stanowią większość ogółu przedsiębiorstw. W związku z tym handel elektroniczny (e-handel) jako system, w świetle globalizacji, staje się ważnym priorytetem badawczym, a ocena tego z perspektywy dostawców i nabywców jest szczególnym zadaniem niniejszego badania. W niniejszym badaniu wykorzystano dane Eurostatu, OECD i Centralnego Biura Statystycznego Łotwy, a także dane autorów z ankiety (użytkownicy handlu elektronicznego: dostawcy (n = 112) i nabywcy (n = 138) towarów i usług) przeprowadzenego na Łotwie i Litwie. Analiza danych pozwoliła stwierdzić, że pozytywne i negatywne perspektywy badanego zjawiska zostały podane zarówno przez dostawców, jak i nabywców. Z tego powodu istnieje potrzeba zmotywowania społeczeństwa jako całości i struktur zarządzania na wszystkich szczeblach, aby uzgodnić nowoczesność z tradycyjną, co jest spowodowane ekspansją handlu elektronicznego.
The emergence of new technologies and the expansion of digitalisation have created an opportunity for e-commerce to develop. A supplier and a buyer of goods and services meet in the e-environment and solve their problem without direct contact, which is mutually beneficial. Accordingly, when it comes to globalisation, e-commerce, as a system, becomes an important topic of research in general, and, in particular, it is vital for small and medium enterprises (SMEs), since most enterprises in the European Union (EU) are SMEs. Latvia and Lithuania are EU Member States, and SMEs are dominant in these two Baltic States. The aim of the research is to identify and compare the opinions of producers/sellers and buyers on the positive contribution of e-commerce to date and the problems caused by e-commerce for both sides. The research employed data from Eurostat, OECD and the Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia as well as the authors' own data from a survey (e-commerce users: suppliers (n=112) and buyers (n=138) of goods and services) conducted in Latvia and Lithuania. An analysis of the statistical data reveals the current objective position of e-commerce in both countries. The proportion of small and medium enterprises involved in this process is increasing. At the same time, the processing of the results of the e-commerce survey enables the authors to see a subjective view of this process, which includes both positive and negative features of both the buyers and the sellers. Identifying problems and comparing the situations in the two neighbouring countries opens the way to find e-commerce development directions and reduce the problems not only economically but also geographically and ethnically, as the objective data on e-commerce are not identical for Latvia and Lithuania, even though the data are positive and only slightly different.
Le projet "croissance démographique, développement de la culture du coton et gestion durable des ressources naturelles en zone Mali sud" exécuté dans le cadre du Programme International de Recherche sur les Interactions entre la Population, le Développement et l'Environnement (PRIPODE) couvre les communes de Tao dans le Cercle de Koutiala et de Garalo dans le Cercle de Bougouni. Ces zones ont été retenues comme échantillon respectivement du vieux bassin cotonnier et de la zone d'extension de cette culture dans le Sud du Mali. Le Mali comme les autres pays en voie de développement et particulièrement les pays du sahel est fortement concerné par les questions de développement durable. Il est confronté à une forte pression sur les ressources naturelles en raison d'une synergie de facteurs climatiques et anthropiques. Cette forte pression s'exerce pour la satisfaction des besoins des populations en relation avec l'accroissement de la démographie et constitue une contrainte pour l'atteinte de la sécurité alimentaire, pour la réduction de la pauvreté et la conservation des ressources naturelles et de l'environnement. Les recherches menées jusque ici au Mali restent en général très sectorielles (amélioration des pratiques culturales, gestion de la jachère, etc.) et n'intègrent que partiellement les facteurs population, développement, environnement. Une revue documentaire montre que la pauvreté en tant que cause de la dégradation de l'environnement a influencé la formulation des politiques et programmes de développement du gouvernement du Mali et a établi une relation entre l'intégrité environnementale et la prospérité économique. Les résultats obtenus faisant l'objet de ce rapport portent sur l'évolution et/ou la comparaison à l'intérieur d'une même sous zone et entre les deux sous zones des paramètres comme: la densité de la population, l'état d'exploitation des ressources naturelles, le système de rotation culturale, le statut foncier, l'évolution des modes de tenure, l'intégration de l'élevage à l'agriculture, l'adoption des thèmes de gestion environnementale, la différenciation sociale, l'évolution de la taille démographique et les revenus des exploitations en relation avec les caractéristiques socioculturelles (groupe ethnique, organisations socioprofessionnelles, etc.) et l'évolution du contexte économique.
Educational Resource Information Communication (ERIC) API is used to connect two separate systems while keeping both systems working independently without leaking users' privacy data. This research uses ERIC API to integrate an educational reward system called Trading Card Game with Moodle, a famous open-source learning management system. When students authorize Moodle to dispatch the rewards (i.e., in-game cards) for completing learning activities (e.g., assignments and quizzes) to their account in the Trading Card Game, Moodle will no information about the credentials that they have in the Trading Card Game. This research conducts a pilot study to understand whether or not students are satisfying with having the API to integrate Moodle and Trading Card Game. The results not only show that ERIC API is acceptable for students but also provide researchers and teachers support of evidence to having a reward system into their learning management system.
Abstract There has been an increasing focus on providing better weather, climate, and resource information for decision making in drylands. This study explores what kind of information pastoralists in the Sahel received in 2013 and how they responded to this information. Moreover, the study assesses whether the disseminated information corresponds to the actual needs of pastoralists. The overall objective is thus to identify the outcome of providing weather, climate, and resource information to pastoralists and thereby to explore whether and how various products may guide their mobility and decision-making patterns. The results show that few of the interviewed pastoralists receive the seasonal rainfall forecasts, which have been produced since 1998 by the Climate Outlook Forum for West Africa. The pastoralists who did receive the forecasts used the information to adjust their crop cultivation strategies rather than to support livestock management decisions. To do the latter, pastoralists need information pertaining to the availability of grazing resources in various areas, the onset date of the rains, flooding events, and finescale information on rainfall amount during the first weeks of the rainy season. Such information could be used to adjust the purchase of supplementary fodder, to make qualified choices on transhumance destinations, and to make changes in herd composition. As pastoralists primarily acquire this information by calling friends and family in nearby areas, the results point to a strong disconnect between the parameters and scale of information that pastoralists need and those currently provided.
This is a conference paper. ; The political unrest that started in Mali on the 21st of March 2012 has had a significant impact on access to safe water and sanitation for an estimated 1.9 million people. Like most development or non-humanitarian organisations, WaterAid Mali was forced to stop their water and sanitation interventions in northern target communities due to insecurity. In the south, water, sanitation and hygiene needs changed quickly, as a result of the large number of people migrating from the north. WaterAid Mali has adapted to these changes through reallocating resources, implementing new activities and internal capacity building. This paper will discuss the experiences of WaterAid Mali as well as the lessons learnt.
