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Trimaran hull forms have been popular recently in both commercial and military usage due to reduction in resistance at high speeds, better stability, and greater deck area compared to conventional monohull vessels. Determination of the location of the side hulls is most critical to get higher hydrodynamic performance. Therefore, many studies in the literature are related to defining the location of the side hulls for trimaran vessels. Most of the studies have been carried out experimentally or numerically. In this study, an artificial neural network (ANN) model was used to predict the residual resistance coefficient of a trimaran model. The model uses four parameters which are the transverse and longitudinal positions of the side hulls, the longitudinal centre of buoyancy and the Froude number to predict the residual resistance of the trimaran model. The experimental data of the trimaran model were used to train the neural network model in order to develop a more reliable model. Several neural network models were developed and tested to find the one with minimum error. The study showed that the residual resistance coefficients of the trimaran model were predicted with high accuracy levels compared to the model experimental data. It was also shown that an ANN is a useful alternative method to model tests and numerical simulations. The developed model can be used to reduce the number of model tests or numerical simulations as well as to obtain the optimum location of the side hulls in terms of resistance.

Bugünkü haliyle Sünnilik, büyük oranda, Gazali'nin gayretleri sonucu ortaya çıkmıştır. Bilindiği gibi, Gazali ile birlikte, Kur'an ve sünnet yepyeni bir yoruma kavuşmuştur. Özellikle kelam alanında "Gazali öncesi" ve "Gazali sonrası" şeklinde keskin bir ayırım ortaya çıkmıştır. Dahası Gazali'nin İslam dünyasındaki etkisi hala sürmektedir. O'nun eserlerine gösterilen ilgiye baktığımız zaman, Gazali'nin İslam dünyasındaki iddiasının gelecekte de süreceği anlaşılmaktadır. Bu makale, büyük oranda, Gazali'nin el-Munkız mine'd-Dalal adlı kitabına dayanmaktadır. "Sapkınlıktan Kurtuluşa" anlamına gelen bu biyografik ve metodolojik eserinde Gazali, Müslümanların kurtuluşu konusuna kafa yormuş ve çözüm önerilerinde bulunmuştur. Gazali'nin kurtuluşa giden yol arayışının sebebi farklı zümrelerin kendi inanç ve düşüncelerinin hakikat olduğunu iddia etmeleriydi. Bu iddialar, İslam dünyasında ihtilafları derinleştiren bir takım gruplaşmaların başlamasına neden olmuştur. İslam dünyasının bu heterojen yapısının homojen bir hüviyete kavuşturulması projesi, devletten gelmiş olsa bile, Gazali'nin de gönlünden geçmekteydi. Kurtuluş teorisi olarak adlandırılan bu projeyi Gazali, bizzat kendi yaşamında karşılaştığı "şüphe", "bunalım" ve nihayet "zihnini aydınlatan ışık" kavramları ile anlatmaktadır. Bu süreçte bilginin kaynağı ve bilginin sağlam temellere oturtulması için Gazali'nin yoğun çaba sarf ettiği görülmektedir. Gazali, kelamdan istifade edilebileceğini, Bâtıniliğin zındıklık olduğunu, felsefenin filtrelenmesi gerektiğini ve nihayet tasavvuf yolunun hakikat olduğunu söylemiştir.

"Und einhergehend mit diesem Türkischsein gab es immer diesen Punkt Islam und Geschlecht: "Ja, bist du denn Muslima? Oder glaubst du denn? Oder fastest du denn? Wirst du zuhause eingesperrt? Oder darfst du dich überhaupt mit Jungs treffen? Da fragt man sich doch: Geht's hier überhaupt um mich oder doch nur um deine Sensationslust?" (Ayla, 27 Jahre, Interview) Dieses Interviewzitat von Ayla steht exemplarisch für die Erfahrungen vieler Mädchen und junger Frauen mit einem so genannten Migrationshintergrund. Einem ethnisierenden und rassistischen Diskurs unterworfen, sind sie fortwährend gezwungen, sich den dominanten Deutungen zu stellen, zu widersetzen, zu unterwerfen, sich anzueignen und umzudeuten – auf ganz unterschiedliche Weisen. Mädchen und Frauen mit Migrationshintergrund, mit Zuwanderungsgeschichte, of color, zweiter und dritter Generation oder postmigrantischer Generation. Hinter diesen Begriffen verbirgt sich eine unüberschaubare Pluralität persönlicher oder familiärer Migrationsgeschichten, unterschiedlicher Aufenthaltsstatus, Selbstpositionierungen und sozialer oder religiöser Hintergründe. Ihre Biographien und Erfahrungen sind in höchstem Maße vielfältig und individuell. In zunehmend globalisierten und durch Mobilität und Vielheit geprägten Gesellschaften, so zeigt sich, können scheinbare Differenzen immer neue vielfältige und hybride Formen annehmen und von Rassismus betroffene Mädchen und Frauen neue Solidaritätsformen, alltagskulturelle Praktiken und Allianzen begründen. Dieser Umstand scheint sich bisher als gesamtgesellschaftliche Erkenntnis noch nicht durchgesetzt zu haben: Daher soll dieser Artikel den Fokus auf die solidarischen, unterstützenden und empowernden Perspektive und Erfahrung betreffender Frauen und Mädchen untereinander richten. Familiäre Bezugspunkte, die zweifelsohne auch wichtig sind, wurden in der Vergangenheit bereits hin und wieder in den Fokus gerückt. Die Bedeutung von Mädchen– und Frauenfreundinnenschaften im Speziellen wurde in diesem Zusammenhang hingegen bislang wenig beleuchtet und stellen einen spannenden Bezugspunkt für die Mädchen(kultur)forschung dar. Zur Veranschaulichung dient hierfür im Verlauf des Artikels empirisches Material aus meinem aktuellen Forschungsvorhaben, das sich aus einer intersektionalen Perspektive mit Erfahrungen und Selbstpositionierungen von Mädchen und jungen Frauen zweiter und dritter Generation im Bildungssystem befasst.

Russia and Turkey are backing opposing warring parties in three active conflicts. However, this adversarial positioning has not hindered cooperation between Moscow and Ankara. They reign in opposing sides and, in effect, stage-manage their respective theatres of wars. Through multilateral arrangements, Europe is an enabler of Turkey's position and could leverage its support to push Ankara to cooperate more effectively with its Western partners.

Chapter 1 provides an introduction and preliminary comparisons of economic and human development indicators to present current differences in levels of development between different countries grouped by their income level. Since World War II foreign aid has proved to be one of the main instruments for the developed countries to promote and increase economic development in less developed parts of the world. Chapter 2 will give a brief chronological overview of economic theories about economic growth and development and highlight recent approaches in development research. It will be shown that the focus of development policies has changed several times since its emergence. Given positive and negative growth experiences in developing countries, the development research literature is still inconclusive concerning the effects of development assistance and foreign aid on economic development. The gap in economic performance between developing and developed countries remains considerable, even in the face of constant flows of foreign aid and continuously changing policy prescriptions addressing pressing issues and obstacles of development. Chapter 3 uses sub-nationally disaggregated data to assess the importance of recipient countries' governance on the allocation of aid projects within recipient countries. The results show that incumbent presidents' birth regions do not signiffcantly attract more project aid than other regions in a country. Accounting for levels of governance in recipient countries does not change the results. On the other hand, capital city regions appear to attract more project aid. Higher levels of governance seem to have a negative effect on the allocation of aid projects in capital city regions, which might be driven by clientelistic and corrupt motives of political decision makers. Considering the results from the research literature and from Chapter 3 one may wonder how different sub-national distributional patterns of aid projects and foreign aid influence regional and spatial inequalities within recipient countries. If the sub-national allocation of foreign aid follows certain ethnic, political or economic considerations, instead of addressing poverty or alleviating human misery, then foreign aid might further deepen regional inequalities in recipient countries. Thus, Chapter 4 first elaborates on different theories and highlights existing empirical evidence about regional inequality. The chapter additionally presents trends and levels of different measures of regional inequality in sub-Saharan Africa. Chapter 5 assesses the relationship between foreign aid and regional inequality. First, different measures of regional inequality and necessary considerations for proper interpretation are discussed. Secondly, using sub-nationally disaggregated GDP data these measures of regional inequality in sub-Saharan Africa are calculated to further discuss their patterns and levels over the years 1998 to 2015. The data shows that regional inequalities vary largely within and between countries and that the pattern is on average highly persistent in the entire sample. The empirical analysis to understand the effects of foreign aid on regional inequality first provides estimation results using a static panel estimation approach. However, due to serious endogeneity concerns, especially between foreign aid and regional inequality, these results need to be taken cautiously. The empirical analysis further uses dynamic panel estimation methods such as system GMM to account for endogeneity issues and for the high persistence of regional inequalities. The results indicate that foreign aid does not increase regional inequalities, but instead even reduces regional inequalities in some specifications. Interestingly, higher trade ratios significantly reduce regional inequalities in all specifications. Furthermore, the estimation using the decomposition of regional inequalities by within and between capital and non capital city regions could not detect any significant effects in almost all specifications. This results from the limited instrument set due to fewer countries in the sample and the higher persistence of within and between regional inequalities. As a results, the analysis provides no support for the assumption that foreign aid increases regional inequalities. The uneven distribution of aid projects sub-nationally does not appear to affect overall regional inequalities.