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The dialogue around preschool educators has increased as concerns about the quality of early education have been raised across the world. This paper contributes to a novel historical and contemporary understanding of the professionalisation of Russian preschool educators. This history bears similarities and differences to those of other nations, making this project of interest to cross-cultural comparisons. A particular emphasis is laid on the challenges of, and opportunities for, professionalisation by discussing the issue of professional knowledge and expertise, autonomy, and authority. Data for the study comes from two sources: (1) the historical analysis of preschool educators in Russia; (2) semi-structured interviews undertaken with 25 preschool educators from the major organisations representing them. The research showed the central role played by the state in all historical phases of the professionalisation of Russian early education. It was found that Russian preschool educators are discontented with their current professional standing, and look to the state to enhance it.

Analyzed the types of unemployment, defined the cause and what factors influenced it, and the problem of unemployment in Ukraine, its condition at the moment. Provided suggestions for reducing the level of unemployment depending on its type. Unemployment in the face of market economic relations have, on the one hand, is an integral, and on the other, the unacceptable alternative to employment, a problem that society has to face on a daily basis by carrying out measures of government regulation, which are carried out with the help of a number of legal-normative documents, related to the regulation of the employment level of the population.

Opportunism is primarily identified with the policy. However, in the economic sphere is now quite often manifests this concept, which negatively affects the position of the owner of the resource. The opportunism in a prism of economic science is considered in Oliver Uilyamson's works the Nobel Prize laureate on economy in 2009 with the formulation "for researches in the field of the economic organization". O. Uilyamson understood as opportunism "following to the interests, including fraudulently, including such obvious forms of deception as lie, theft, fraud here…". Market relations, this phenomenon does not cause such a violent public backlash, as the market is the market. However, in the field of public participation, namely public procurement market opportunistic behavior of agents is often a public outcry, which requires the development of specific preventive measures. The urgency of this problem is justified considering the constant tightening measures to combat corruption in the state order. In connection with what in this article on the basis of methods of analysis, deduction and systematic approach is considered opportunistic aspect of public procurement in the Russian Federation. The author gives a classification of opportunistic behavior in the current contract system of Russia in accordance with the position of the founder of the concept in economics O.Williamson.The dynamics of the positive economic effect of public procurement market, as well as the dynamics of opportunistic behavior identified by public authorities supervising the observance of the legislation in this area. Proposed focus of reducing the influence of negative trends on the operation of the contract system of the Russian Federation. ; Оппортунизм прежде всего отождествляют с политикой, но и в экономической сфере в настоящее время довольно часто проявляется данное понятие, которое негативно влияет на положение собственника ресурса. Оппортунизм в призме экономической науки рассматривается в трудах лауреата Нобелевской премии по экономике 2009 г. Оливера Уильямсона с формулировкой «за исследования в области экономической организации». О. Уильямсон под оппортунизмом понимал «следование своим интересам, в том числе обманным путем, включая сюда такие явные формы обмана, как ложь, воровство, мошенничество…». В рыночных отношениях данное явление уже не вызывает такой бурной негативной реакции общества, так как рынок есть рынок. Однако в сфере государственного участия, а именно рынка государственных закупок оппортунистическое поведение агентов нередко вызывает общественный резонанс, который требует выработки конкретных превентивных мер. Актуальность рассмотрения данной проблемы обоснована постоянным ужесточением мер по борьбе с коррупцией в сфере государственного заказа. В связи с этим в данной статье на основе методов анализа, дедукции и системного подхода рассматривается оппортунистический аспект сферы государственных закупок в Российской Федерации. Авторами дается классификация оппортунистического поведения в сложившейся контрактной системе России в соответствии с позицией родоначальника данного понятия в экономике О. Уильямсона. Рассматривается динамика положительного экономического эффекта рынка государственных закупок, а также динамика оппортунистического поведения, выявленного государственными органами, контролирующими соблюдение законодательства в данной сфере. Предлагаются основные направления сокращения влияния выявленных негативных тенденций на функционирование контрактной системы Российской Федерации.

AbstractThis paper deals with a class of optimal control problems which arises in advertising models with Volterra Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process representing the product goodwill. Such choice of the model can be regarded as a stochastic modification of the classical Nerlove-Arrow model that allows to incorporate both presence of uncertainty and empirically observed memory effects such as carryover or distributed forgetting. We present an approach to solve such optimal control problems based on an infinite dimensional lift which allows us to recover Markov properties by formulating an optimization problem equivalent to the original one in a Hilbert space. Such technique, however, requires the Volterra kernel from the forward equation to have a representation of a particular form that may be challenging to obtain in practice. We overcome this issue for Hölder continuous kernels by approximating them with Bernstein polynomials, which turn out to enjoy a simple representation of the required type. Then we solve the optimal control problem for the forward process with approximated kernel instead of the original one and study convergence. The approach is illustrated with simulations.

The coronavirus pandemic has generated a lot of talk about the post-coronavirus future of the world community and has drawn close attention to the globalization process. The article notes that something similar in the public consciousness took place after the publication of the first report to the Club of Rome, when the awareness of the danger posed by global problems had quickly come. Now, one of the global problems — the coronavirus pandemic — has changed the usual life rhythm of the entire world community in a matter of weeks. The relevance of the topic is so high that even those who, before that, not only professionally, but even seriously were not interested in either the problems of medicine or global problems, actively joined its discussion. As a result, on the pages of many print and electronic publications, along with serious and verified information, all sorts of guesses and speculations about the nature and correlation of coronavirus and globalization are multiplied. Only knowledge can be opposed to this, according to the authors.

This article discusses the issue of land inventory. It is noted that land inventory is one of the main means of ensuring effective land management. In addition, the problems that can be solved by land inventory for the effective management of land resources are demonstrated. It is stated that land inventory is a certain tool for land policy through land monitoring, which allows to identify inconsistencies in land use and land condition. It was revealed that the main purpose of the inventory is to create an information basis for maintaining the state land cadastre, control over land use and registration of land plots. It is considered that the clarification of the legislative regulation of land inventory will contribute to the quality of state management of land resources of Ukraine. The article explored two objects. The current state of use of their lands is analyzed. As a result, ways to solve the problems that exist in the use of land of the State Enterprise «Experimental Farm «Victory» Volyn State Agricultural Research Station of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine» and the Experimental Station of Tobacco of the National Research Center «Institute of Agriculture of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine».Key words: land inventory, land resources management, State Land Cadastre, land relations, State Register of Real Property Rights, land use. ; У даній статті розглянуто питання інвентаризації земель. Відзначено, що інвентаризація земель є одним із головних засобів забезпечення ефективного управління земельними ресурсами. Крім того, продемонстровані проблеми, які дозволяє вирішити інвентаризація земель задля ефективного управління земельними ресурсами. Констатовано, що інвентаризація земель виступає певним засобом для проведення земельної політики шляхом моніторингу земель, який і дозволяє виявити невідповідності у використанні земельних ділянок та стан земель. Виявлено, що основною метою проведення інвентаризації є створення інформаційної основи для ведення державного земельного кадастру, проведення контролю за використанням земель та реєстрація земельних ділянок. Розглянуто, що уточнення законодавчого регулювання інвентаризації земель сприятиме якості державного управління земельними ресурсами України. У статті було досліджено два об'єкта. Проаналізовано сучасний стан використання їх земель. У підсумку було запропоновано шляхи вирішення проблем, які існують у використанні земель Державного підприємства «Дослідне господарство «Перемога» Волинської державної сільськогосподарської дослідної станції Національної академії аграрних наук України» та Дослідної станції тютюнництва Національного наукового центру «Інститут землеробства Національної академії аграрних наук України».Ключові слова: інвентаризація земель, управління земельними ресурсами, Державний земельний кадастр, земельні відносини, Державний реєстр речових прав на нерухоме майно, землекористування.

The state of the glutathione-dependent link of the antioxidant blood system of rats under obesity development and with the compatible consumption of the kidney bean (P. vulgaris) pods extract was studied. Glutathione system forms functional basis of organism antioxidant defense system and disturbances in its work can lead to a number of serious cytotoxic and destructive lesions. Glutathione system constituent elements has its own glutathione and enzymes, which catalyze the reaction of its reverse transformation. These include glutathione peroxidase, glutathione transferase, and glutathione reductase. It is known that the water kidney bean (P. vulgaris) pods extract has hypoglycemic properties. However, complex studies of the polyfunctional action of this extract in obesity are absent. The obtained results indicate a decrease in the overall potential of the glutathione system in animals on a high-calorie diet. It has been established that glutathione peroxidase activity (GP) decreases in the serum of rats under experimental obesity, also glutathione transferase (GT) and glutathione reductase (GR) activity increase compared to the corresponding values in control animals. Our results demonstrated the concentration decrease of recovered glutathione (GSH) under consumption of high-calorie diet compared to the control. The findings after 6-th weeks of kidney bean (P. vulgaris) pods extract consumption indicate the positive modulating effect of this extract on the content of GSH and the activity of GP, GT and GR in rats with the obesity development. Probably, the consumption of this extract leads to attraction of the investigated components of the antioxidant system to the reactions of neutralization of toxic free radical compounds that were formed against the background of the development of obesity. Further studies may serve as the basis for the development of new therapeutic or medicinal preparations that based on the kidney bean (P. vulgaris) pods extract, because of still no consensus on the treatment of obesity.

The influence of kidney beans pods extract on obesity development was investigated. It was found that administration of P. vulgaris pods extract led to decrease of body weight and body mass index of the animals which were on high-calorie diet. Found changes could be result of decrease of food intake by rats treated with extract in compare with rats in high-calorie diet group.

Introduction. The article is devoted to the problem of international relations in the field of higher education. The purpose of the study is to consider the development of modern Russian-Mongolian educational cooperation. The authors set the following objectives of the article: to reveal the role of the Russian language as one of the tools for the development of Russian-Mongolian educational cooperation; to enumerate and describe the features of the promotion of Russian higher education in Mongolia; to illustrate the experience of developing Russian-Mongolian educational cooperation on the example of Novosibirsk universities.Methodology and sources. The study of the problem of international cooperation in the field of higher education is based on a socio-cultural approach. The methodological basis is the concept of education as a «soft power». The study is conducted with the use of the following sociological methods: the focus group-method; analysis of secondary sociological research; comparison; generalization. The sources of the study are the regulatory documents on which Russian-Mongolian relations are based as well as data from other studies on the topic.Results and discussion. Based on the data obtained, the researchers come to the conclusion about positive trends in educational cooperation, however, the potential of Russian-Mongolian relations is not fully realized. After the pandemic, more active promotion of Russian educational programs in Mongolia is needed, which will allow updating approaches to Russian-Mongolian cooperation in the field of higher education. The article offers a list of measures for the development of Russian-Mongolian cooperation, including the development of intercultural communication and dialogue between Russian and Mongolian students.Conclusion. Based on the data obtained, the researchers came come to the conclusion about positive trends in educational cooperation, however, the potential of Russian-Mongolian relations is not fully realized. After the pandemic, more active promotion of Russian educational programs in Mongolia is needed, which will allow updating approaches to Russian-Mongolian cooperation in the field of higher education. The article offers a list of measures for the development of Russian-Mongolian cooperation, including the development of intercultural communication and dialogue between Russian and Mongolian students.

Relevance of the research topic. In modern conditions of the development of entrepreneurial activity, there is a need for an in–depth study of the regulatory framework for regulating the financial reporting of enterprises and the impact of accounting policies on its indicators. The relevance of the research topic is determined by the strengthening of the need for the adoption of legal norms aimed at ensuring guarantees of the timely provision of reliable information to an open circle of users about the effectiveness of the economic activity of an enterprise, an adequate response to the emergence of new financial structures, concepts and operations. The purpose of the study is: a comprehensive analysis of modern problems of legal regulation of financial reporting of enterprises in Ukraine, proposed ways to improve them and analysis of the impact of the main elements of accounting policy on financial reporting. Research methods. The article uses the dialectical method of scientific knowledge, the method of analysis and synthesis, comparison, the method of generalizing data, the study is based on a systematic approach to the problems under consideration, the study of their relationship and development. Research results. The article examines the legal framework for regulating the financial reporting of Ukrainian enterprises, discloses problematic aspects of regulation, suggests ways of improving them. The main elements of the accounting policy and their influence on the indicators of the financial statements of the enterprise have been investigated. Scope of the results. In the field of economic sciences and practical activities of enterprises. Conclusions on the article. Based on the study, it was found that the system of legal regulation of financial reporting in Ukraine requires changes, in particular, it is necessary to develop and adapt the legal and regulatory framework for accounting and financial reporting in Ukraine to the legislation of the European Union (hereinafter EU) and IFRS. It was found that when ...