Suchergebnisse

Many populations in Indonesia have made various problems that arise one of the problems of unemployment that occur in Indonesia. Many unemployment certainly makes the Indonesian economy decline, of course it becomes the duty of the government in overcoming the decline in the Indonesian economy and the issue of unemployment which is surged annually especially in the year 2020. Indonesian President Joko Widodo has created a pre-work card program which is expected to suppress the unemployment rate in Indonesia. With community pre-work cards can increase productivity and competitiveness of work and improve work competence. The community who participated in the pre-employment card program will be provided with training and incentives during the pre-work card training. But the government itself does not guarantee after joining the pre-employment program, people will get a job or not. Of course again this is a government task to be able to open extensive jobs for the people of Indonesia but this also needs to get support and participation from the people of Indonesia to make this pre-work card a successful program and can suppress the unemployment rate in Indonesia. Keywords: Pre Work Cards; Unemployment; Effectiveness.

This paper examines the impact of economic factors on bilateral trade flows between Malaysia and the GCC through estimations of panel data using a gravity model. In particular, the paper compares the determinants of bilateral trade and trade potentials between Malaysia and two regions, the non-traditional Gulf alliance and the traditional ASEAN counterpart, to provide insights for leveraging opportunities through trade with the former. The gravity estimates imply the importance of size effects, similarities in GDP and differences in factor endowments as drivers of trade flows between Malaysia and the GCC, underlying the fact that inter-industry trade dominates these flows. The opposite holds in the case for the Malaysia-ASEAN trade. Though export potentials for industrial products per se appear exhausted in trade with both regions, the Gulf region provides opportunities for Malaysia to export quantity-based final (end-use) products and to diversify its exporting strategy away from quality-based parts and components. (Pac Rev/GIGA)

This article investigates the mean-reverting behavior of the external debt ratio based on a clustered of 19 Asian countries from 1981 to 2010. For this purpose, we use a government's intertemporal budget constraint (GIBC) model popularized by Hamilton and Flavin (1986). Our conclusions were drawn from panel data based tests, including the newly developed test that accounts for both cross-sectional dependency and structural breaks. Two major findings are noteworthy; first majority debt ratios in the Asian countries are affected by structural breaks. Second, we find unit root tests that do not accommodate breaks are less likely to detect mean reversion in the debt ratios. In all, our results indicate debt sustainability is a general characteristic of all the Asian countries.

This article investigates the mean-reverting behavior of the external debt ratio based on a clustered of 19 Asian countries from 1981 to 2010. For this purpose, we use a government's intertemporal budget constraint (GIBC) model popularized by Hamilton and Flavin (1986). Our conclusions were drawn from panel data based tests, including the newly developed test that accounts for both cross-sectional dependency and structural breaks. Two major findings are noteworthy; first majority debt ratios in the Asian countries are affected by structural breaks. Second, we find unit root tests that do not accommodate breaks are less likely to detect mean reversion in the debt ratios. In all, our results indicate debt sustainability is a general characteristic of all the Asian countries.

This paper investigates the effect of relationship between fiscal variables and economic growth in Asian economies using a generalized method of moments (GMM) method as a dynamic panel data analysis over the 1985-2001 periods. These data contain a number of time invariant and time varying variables, where the time varying variables are averaged over four year It examines two different channels through which fiscal policy can affect long run economic growth in Asia.The first channel is when components and aggregate government expenditure affects the real per capita GDP and the second channel is when the components and aggregate of other fiscal variables affects the real per capita GDP.The dynamic panel data result especially GMM-SYS establishes a long run relationship between fiscal policy and economic growth.We find positive and statistically significant impact of health and education expenditure, aggregate of government expenditure and aggregate of other fiscal variables on real per capita GDP.Furthermore, we find that the defence expenditure, distortionary taxation and budget balance are significantly and negatively related to real per capita GDP.

The PISA ranking places Indonesia in 2019 at 74th, or the 6th bottom of the 79 countries surveyed. From this data alone, we can describe how low the cognitive abilities or intelligence of Indonesian students are. In the education curriculum, the government has designed special standards so that Indonesian students are increasingly trained in their cognitive abilities, and are increasingly able to solve problems well. Freedom to learn is an idea that gives freedom to educators and students in determining the learning system. The purpose of the declaration of independent learning is to create a meaningful education and emphasize aspects of skills and experiences in learning. The spirit brought by the concept of independent learning is the flexibility and freedom in designing and managing learning for educational actors, ranging from educational institutions, and educators, to students. The main programs are the ease of opening new study programs, changes to the accreditation system for higher lecturers, the convenience of state higher education institutions becoming state universities with legal entities, and the right to study for three semesters outside the study program. Students are given the freedom to take credits outside the study program, three semesters which are meant in the form of 1 semester of opportunity to take courses outside the study program and 2 semesters of participating in learning activities outside of higher education. Various forms of learning activities outside of tertiary institutions, including conducting internships/work practices in industry or other workplaces, implementing community service projects in villages, teaching in educational units, participating in student exchanges, conducting research, conducting entrepreneurial activities, conducting studies/ independent projects, and following humanitarian programs. All these activities must be carried out by students with guidance from the lecturer. The learning process at the Merdeka Campus is one of the most essential ...

In this article, we examine the time-varying linkages and volatility transmissions between macroeconomic uncertainty and macroeconomic performance in four South Asian countries over the last 20–30 years. Through the lens of bivariate GARCH family models supplemented with two-step procedure, we arrive at several important conclusions. First, there is an overwhelming support for the Friedman–Ball hypothesis that higher inflation leads to inflation uncertainty in all countries. Second, Holland's idea of negative influence of inflation volatility on the level of inflation holds only for one country (India). Third, there is no significant effect of macroeconomic uncertainty on the output growth in all countries under study, where real uncertainty induces inflation but impedes output growth, except in India. Fourth, output growth leads to decline real uncertainty in all countries except Sri Lanka and improves (reduces) inflation uncertainty in India (Bangladesh) only. Fifth, there is a statistically significant bidirectional causality between real and nominal uncertainties for at least half of the countries. Finally, there is an adverse effect of higher inflation on the output growth for Pakistan. We suggest that policymakers in these countries should pay more attention to expectations formation and should adopt dynamic monetary stabilization and inflation-targeting strategies, coupled with sustainable growth measures, for reducing macroeconomic volatilities.