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Nigeria has continued to grapple with divisive effects of ethnicity on the country's political process. Apart from the 12 June 1993 presidential election, all post-independent electoral processes have reflected discernible patterns of ethnic bloc voting, which indicate a dip in the country's political culture. The 28 March 2015 presidential election, won by Muhammadu Buhari, also buttresses the ethnic bloc voting theory, with grave implications for national integration in Nigeria. This paper probes the persistence of ethnic politics in Nigeria after close to six decades of self-rule, and suggests ways of overcoming the divisive and destructive impact of ethnicity in Nigeria's political process.

Cacao is one of the major crops cultivated in Parigi Moutong district. Most of the cacao farms are small-level holder. The cocoa beans from this district are marketed directly to exporters in Palu city via district traders and provincial merchants, then they send them to the destination countries. Even though the price of cocoa beans is high at the traders and exporters, the farmers have never benefited from such a high price. The fundamental problem the cacao farmers facing is their weakness position in the price determination. Non competitive market structure affects the behavior of marketing agencies in term of the pricing mechanism. Hence, this study was to investigate such a price relation as well as market behaviors. In the short term, there was no integration found between cocoa bean market at the farm level in Parigi Moutong district and at the exporter level in Palu city. It reveals that a change in the cocoa price at the exporter level does not affect the price at the farm level. However, in the long-term, the integration of those market levels will change the cocoa price at the farm level accordingly to the price changes at the exporter level. The study also clearly reveals that the farmers seem to have gained no significant benefit from the price changes in the exporter level. The prices are found to more volatile at the exporter level than that at the farm level. It support the hypotheses that the marketing system is inefficient to convey products from farmers to exporters as indicated by a high marketing margin, a low farmer's share on the price they receive and low vertical market integration. Some efforts could improve the bargaining position of farmers including sustainable empowerment of farmer groups, government guarantee for agricultural facilities and infrastructures, improvement of infrastructures, control of appropriate price and information of the market price to farmers. Keywords : Bargaining, Cacao Farmer, Marketing System, and Price.

Efforts to empower those classified as powerless to be powerful, must pay attention to factors of education, scientific competence, and technical skills. All of these are the main resources in improving labor welfare. The causes of the powerlessness can be grouped into two things, namely socio-cultural and political factors and public policy factors. The purpose of this study is: comparing employment opportunities in foreign companies based on national origin; know job opportunities in foreign companies based on mastery of bagasa; explain job opportunities in foreign companies based on skills; analyze job opportunities in foreign companies based on the transfer of knowledge; analyze job opportunities in foreign companies based on scientific competence. The approach used in this research is descriptive, correlational analytic, and developmental. The research sample was 233 workers spread over 11 foreign companies. The data in this study are primary data and secondary data. Data collected through interviews, observations, documentation and FGD. The results showed that the correlation between mastery of foreign languages with national origin was .816 ** meaning that the relationship between mastery of foreign languages with national origin was very close. The correlation between worker skills and country of origin is -.472 **, meaning that the relationship between skill workers and country of origin is very close. The correlation between worker skills and foreign language mastery is -.410 **, meaning that the relationship between worker skills and foreign language mastery is very close. The correlation between workers' skills with the transfer of knowledge and transfer of jobs is .310 **, meaning that the relationship between the skills of workers and the transfer of knowledge and transfer of jobs is very close. The correlation between worker skills and scientific competence is -.162 *, meaning that the relationship between worker skills and scientific competence is quite close.

This article broadly examines the relationship between strategic communications and journalism with specific reference to the issue of violent extremism. Using a case study of reporting on the Boko Haram conflict in Nigeria, it analyses the nature and consequences of engagement among the various communicators involved. The primary data were drawn from focus groups and individual interviews with thirty-two journalists and strategic communicators, and from analysis of Boko Haram videos and Nigerian security forces' press releases. The findings suggest that journalists have a tense but interdependent relationship with strategic communicators that is characterised by conflict and cooperation, harassment and intimidation. Strategic communicators' control of the conflict theatre and use of the Internet to reach audiences directly give them leverage in the relationship. They, however, rely on journalists to help enhance the reach and credibility of their narratives, while journalists depend significantly on their media releases.

Khilafatul Muslimin (KM) lahir dilatar belakangi oleh kegelisahan pendirinya memperhatikan kondisi umat Islam yang kian hari kian terbelakang dan tertindas oleh hegemoni Barat dari segi politik, ekonomi dan sosial budaya. Oleh karenanya satu-satunya cara untuk mengembalikan kondisi umat Islam seperti masa lalu adalah dengan menegakkan kembali khilafah yang sudah lama tumbang. Penegakan khilafah ini bersifat wajib karena sudah dimaktubkan dalam al-Qur'an dan As-Sunnah. Salah satu daerah yang dijadikan bascame KM adalah Bima yang terletak di ujung timur pulau Sumbawa. Mereka mendirikan sebuah madrasah sebagai pusat gerakan yang berfungsi sebagai tempat transfer of knowledge pada generasi muda KM. Untuk masyarakat umum, para ustadz KM gencar melakukan dakwah melalui media internet, FB dan Blog, menyampaikan khutbah bergilir di beberapa masjid, mengadakan diskusi keilmuan, dll. Ormas KM ini bila dikaitkan dengan teori gerakan sosial, dilihat dari latarbelakang berdirinya, termasuk dalam kategori teori deprivasi relatif (relative deprivation theory), karena para pendirinya merasa kecewa terhadap kondisi kaum muslimin yang semakin hari semakin terpuruk dan menjauh dari syari'at Islam. Jika dilihat dari tipologinya, KM termasuk dalam kategori gerakan sosial transnasional movement, tipe gerakan sosial yang bercita-cita untuk mengubah kondisi sosial tertentu yang tidak hanya ada dalam lingkungan mereka, akan tetapi perubahan di seluruh dunia. Tipe gerakan sosial ini sering disebut dengan gerakan sosial baru (GSB) atau New Sosial Movement (NSM). Sztompka mengkategorikan KM sebagai gerakan konservatif, gerakan sayap kanan, yaitu gerakan yang berupaya untuk memperbaiki institusi, hukum, cara hidup, dan keyakinan yang telah mapan di masa lalu tetapi mengalami erosi dan dibuang dalam perjalanan sejarah.

ABSTRACT The aim of this research project is an inquiry into the intersection between institutional design of policies and organizational behavior on policy outcomes. Specifically, it is a comparative case study that seeks to examine the different implementation styles adopted by some Nigerian states in the reforms on land property rights. The reforms as gauged by the World Bank's Ease of Doing Business index shows that the outcomes were mixed; while they were considered a success in some states, in others they were seen as failed reforms. Thus, the research question the project seeks to answer is: How do some states succeed in implementing and sustaining a policy change, while others are less able to do so? The study focuses on the different institutional designs as well as implementation styles adopted by some selected Nigerian states which resulted in varying degrees of success. This differential outcomes according to theories on delegation, implementation and policy regimes arises from the interplay of the contents of different sets of procedural prescriptions: on the one side, the mandate to decide, which establishes boundaries, conditions and aims of an agency's legitimate discretion in policy implementation; and on the other, the obligations to account, which enforce, relax or restrict such latitude. Therefore, the project seeks to further the applicability of these frameworks to weak institutional contexts by exploring variations in the institutional designs of policy delegation and implementation across some selected states in Nigeria. A triangulation strategy was employed to collect data in three (3) states of Nigeria, using both primary sources (structured interviews) as well secondary sources (policy documents, administrative manuals and procedures, legislation, reports, minutes of meetings, public hearings, executive directives, and organizational organograms). The collected data was qualitatively coded and analyzed.

In this paper I want to compare of legal law in Indonesia and Pakistan about early marriage. In Indonesia, marriage law No. 1/ 1974 explained that the limit of age of marriage is sixteen (16) years for women and nineteen (19) years for men. In Pakistan, after the 1961 MFLO amendment, Pakistan established the minimum age of marriage under the Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929, is eighteen (18) years for men and sixteen (16) years for women. In addition to Law No. 1 of 1974, in Indonesia, the KHI is clearly repeating Article 15 Paragraph (2), for candidates who have not reached the age of 21 years, they must obtain permission as provided in Article 6 Paragraph (2), (3), (4), and (5) of Law No. 1 year 1974. Otherwise, in Indonesia this regulation is slower than other perversions country that I mention. The questions in this paper are; first, why does the legislation of Indonesia provides dispensation of marriage in the Court for prospective couples under the age of marriage? Second, why does Pakistan's legislation give prison sanctions and penalties for married couples under the age of marriage? Thirdly, why does the legislation of Indonesia and Pakistan implement different determination of law for early marriage? The conclusion; if both prospective brides are still below the minimum age for marriage, the parents of the two brides-to-be may submit a marriage dispensation in a religious court. Dispensation of this marriage is regulated in Minister of Religious Affairs Regulation No. 3 year 1975, specifically for people who are Moslems. This matter the marriage law also provides an outlet as a solution if the minimum age requirement is not met. Otherwise, In Pakistan, Historically; the marriage of children is in conflict between those who feel established and those who want change by reforming their family law. So, MFLO 1961 came out of the outcome of the change of the Child Marriage Restraint Act 1929 to sanction marriage with fines and imprisonment for married couples who are married under the minimum age set for marriage. Even sanctions are given for parents, guardian, and marriage organizers as well as even more than the sanctions given to his son. Even if the renewal of Islamic law in the Indonesia have been done. Indonesia is somewhat late in doing Islamic law reform than Pakistan.

This study examines the status of Medical Audit in law enforcement in the medical field, and to what extend can Medical Audit be used as evidence in court proceedings. The concept of this research is juridical-empirical, with descriptive-qualitative study, the method used is literature and interviews, relying on legislation relating to health services in hospitals. This study uses a theory consisting of health legal instruments relating to ethics and law, Hospital Law, Medical Records, Medical Audits, Professional Standards, and Operational Procedure Standards, as well as materials for criminal actions and criminal accountability. The results showed that Medical Audit can be applied in investigations and inquisitions by the police. However, the police do not use Medical Audit as an instrument of enforcement and verification, whilst it is very crucial in assessing a certain relevant issue. Law enforcement is expected to be able to make the Medical Audit as part of the admissible evidence in the Police.

Rural banditry is increasingly becoming one of the worst forms of domestic insurgencies affecting West African sub-region. The prevalence and severity of rural banditry has contributed to the rising increase of regional insecurity with a potential threat on regional integration of West Africa. With reference to Nigeria, this paper examines the nature and dynamics of rural banditry and its overall international security implications as well as describe how it inputs into West African states efforts towards regional security and integration. Using secondary sources of data, the study revealed that rural banditry is a resource-based conflict compounded by elite conspiracy, the primitive quest for wealth and general poverty situation which affected the people of West Africa. It has become a lucrative business accentuated by bad governance, political clientelism, the gradual disappearance of grazing lands and routes, urbanization, climate change, and absence of effective conflict resolution mechanisms. The paper revealed that rural banditry has gradually evolved into a sub-regional conflict with socio-economic and political implications on efforts towards West African security and integration. The study found that some of the implications of rural banditry with consequences on regional integration of West African include radicalization of youth, increase rate of youth unemployment and their subsequent involvement in illicit gun and narcotic drug trade across the sub-region, the emergence of a network of miscreants groups, gradual collapse of agricultural and livestock development with effects on income, trade and commerce, proliferation of small firearms and light weapons, bastardization of traditional institutions and hostile ethnic and tribal relations among ethnic groups, illegal migration and refugee problems across the sub-region as well as proliferation and networking of domestic insurgency groups threatening regional peace and stability of the sub-region. In this regard, the paper recommends a comprehensive ...

Penelitian ini ingin menjawab keberadaan pihak-pihak yang dapat mengajukan gugatan ke pengadilan apabila terjadinya kerugian akibat perbuatan melawan hukum dalam lingkungan hidup. Perbuatan melawan hukum yang menimbulkan kerugian akibat pencemaran atau perusakan lingkungan yang dilakukan oleh pengusaha atau penanggungjawab usaha dan/atau perusakan lingkungan hidup. Penyelesaian sengketa lingkungan hidup melalui pengadilan dapat dilakukan melalui gugatan perdata biasa yang diajukan oleh pihak korban atau anggota masyarakat biasa yang mengalami kerugian. Dengan melakukan studi dokumen, ditemukan bahwa dengan berlakunya Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 telah memberikan kesempatan untuk mengajukan gugatan melalui legal standing/LSM, prosedur class action atau melalui citizen suit yang merupakan hak gugat tanpa adanya kepentingan hukum. Pemerintah atau Pemerintah Daerah sebagai penanggung jawab di bidang lingkungan hidup juga dapat mengajukan gugatan terhadap pelaku pencemaran dan/ atau perusakan lingkungan hidup untuk kepentingan dan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Right to Submit a Law in the Environmental Disputes This study wants to answer the existence of parties who can file a lawsuit to the court if there is an unlawful act that results in a loss to the environment. Unlawful acts that cause losses due to pollution or environmental damage carried out by employers or business people responsible for and/or environmental damage. Settlement of environmental disputes through a court can be carried out through civil lawsuit filed by victims or community who suffer losses. By conducting document studies, it was found that with the enactment of Law No. 32 of 2009, it has provided an opportunity to file a lawsuit through legal standing, class action or through citizen suits which constitute a claim right without any legal interest. The Government or Regional Government as the person in charge of the environmental sector can also file a lawsuit against the perpetrators of environmental pollution and/or damage for the benefit and welfare of the community.