Suchergebnisse

An Iranian born in 1906, when the constitution was granted, would have had to wait until he was thirty-four to find a history of what was happening at the time of his birth. Kasravi's first volume appeared in 1940 and Malikzada's in 1948. Censorship was not the cause of this strange delay. Could it be that disillusion with the outcome of the movement ran so deep in the minds of intellectuals that no one wished to relive the story by writing it? The newly established Pahlavi state tried to glorify the ancient heritage of Persia and to shift the historical landscape from the immediacy of the constitutional era to the politically irrelevant past of pre-Islamic Iran. It is somehow peculiar—and perhaps a measure of the time—that an author of the Iranian constitution, the Mushir al-Daula (Hasan Pirniya) undertook, when in political retirement, to write not a history of the constitutional movement but a monumental work on ancient Iran. Kasravi speculated about the reasons for the nonexistence of a reliable history. The opportunist elitist reformers ("carpetbaggers") who shifted sides during the movement "were reluctant to see the history of that movement truthfully written." The Mushir al-Daula was one of them. Kasravi complained that when he began publishing his history, the sons, relatives, and followers of these men objected to his critical historical evaluation.

A single photograph taken during the Constitutional Revolution portrays the nature of that historical event better than most of the accounts purporting to explain the Revolution in terms of the ideological impact of the West. It is a picture of some fourteen-thousand artisans and shopkeepers (pīshivarān), dressed in their traditional attire, taking sanctuary (bast) in the garden of the British Legation in Tehran and demanding mashrūīyat (constitutional rule). At first sight the picture is perplexing; it stands at odds with the present studies of the Revolution: How could a "modern," or a "national bourgeois" revolution have been brought about by a social class who appeared—and indeed were—traditional in every sense of the word?

There is a long-standing dispute between Iran and Afghanistan over the Helmand River. In recent years, between 2002 and 2013, the access to water of the population living in the river basin in Iran has been adversely affected. As the human right to water is recognized at the international level, this paper aims to study the national implementation of the human right to water in both countries. It analyzes Afghanistan's and Iran's legislation, regulation, adopted strategies and policies at the national level. It further assesses if there is an extraterritorial obligation for both countries to respect, protect, and fulfill the human right to water. Finally, it to proposes solutions that would contribute to the fulfillment of the human right to water.

Arbitration is as old as human history, and disagreements between people can be resolved through arbitration thousands of years before the judicial institutions can be formed in their very primary form. Gradually communities were established growing, and it would be necessary to be approved various laws and prosperity in the field of arbitration. In this regard, Iranian legislator was discussed arbitration issue, in one of his legislative actions on April ninth of two thousand during approval of the Civil Procedure Code and in its seventh, but surprisingly in this law is not only considered notable authority to judge, but there was also silence regarding the authority interim command exportation by arbitrator. On this basis of the aforementioned attributes and aims to improve of arbitration process in the rights of Iran, we try to review and analyze authority issue interim command up to a clear possibility of issuing a temporary order by the ship's helm justice, in accordance with the provisions of our law.