Dalam penyusunan artikel ini penulis mengangkat salah satu filusuf besar Islam yang menjadi sorotan utama daripada para filosuf Islam lainnya, yakni Al Farabi. Bahkan tidak hanya menjadi perbincangan di kalangan para filosuf Islam itu saja, tetapi juga di kalangan non-Islam, yakni filosuf Kristen.Pembahasan artikel ini akan dijelaskan mengenai bografi, karya dan pemikiran filsafatnya. Pemikiran filsafat yang akan dikupas adalah tentang pemaduan filsafat, politik dan moral. Penulis mengangkat tiga pemikiran Al-Farabi, karena masing-masing tema tersebut saling berhubungan dalam masalah ciri, sifat dan sosok seorang pemimpin serta tipe atau cork kehidupan dalam sebuah kota atau negara, utamanya mengenai politik dan moral.
Abstract The protests that rocked the streets of Tehran and some other major Iranian cities in 2009, gradually coming to be known collectively as the Green Movement, were triggered after the official announcement of that year's presidential election result. This article will demonstrate how key features of the Green Movement – including the mass participation of youth, women and university students – were rooted in sociopolitical changes that occurred in Iran in the late 1990s and 2000s. The article argues that the Green Movement should be viewed as a reformist movement which sought to implement certain reforms in Iranian society – an agenda also pursued by its leaders – rather than a revolutionary movement seeking to overthrow the Islamic Republic.
Abstract It is a common impression shared by many international lawyers today that the brief 'turn to democracy' that occurred in some segments of international legal scholarship in the early to mid-1990s was, on the whole, little more than a detour of overly excitable imagination – not exactly a complete error of judgement or an outright frivolity, but certainly a lapse of conceptual clarity and professional rigour. Whatever changes may have occurred within the broader international legal system, the argument goes, they certainly did not amount to a 'democratic revolution', and any claims to the contrary were and are simply baseless. The kind of fundamental reorganization of the international legal system that was forecasted by scholars like Thomas Franck and Anne-Marie Slaughter never took place, and the main lesson one should learn from this whole episode is that international legal scholars should not give in to their utopian reflexes as quickly and as readily as the 'pro-democracy enthusiasts' did, but should rather exercise analytical restraint and professional judgement and attend much more carefully to matters of legal logic and technical legal reasoning. This, in a nutshell, is the received wisdom about the history behind international law's 'turn to democracy', and the aim of this article is essentially to challenge it – in part by uncovering the latent theoretical fudging behind it, in part by exploring the general narrative structure that supports this received wisdom and the latter's relationship to the broader ideology of international legal anti-utopianism.
The purpose of this study was to determine the actions taken by Pegadaian when the debtor defaulted. In addition, to find out various kinds of obstacles in the implementation of retention rights at Pegadaian and efforts to resolve them.The method used in this research is to use a normativejuridical research method. Normative juridical, namely looking at government regulations and legal norms contained in legislation. Then look at the rules that are synchronized hierarchically with each other. ; Tujuan penelitian ini adalah guna mengetahui tindakan yang dilakukan oleh Pegadaian bilamana debitur melakukan wanprestasi. Selain itu untuk mengetahui berbagai macam kendala dalam pelaksanaan hak retensi di Pegadaian serta upaya penyelesaiannya. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini ialah dengan menggunakan Metode penelitian yuridis normative. Yuridis normative yakni melihat terhadap peraturan pemerintah dan norma-norma hokum yang terdapat dalam perundang-undangan. Kemudian melihat terhadap aturan-aturan yang saling tersinkronisasi secara hierarki. Hasil yang diperoleh antara lain: Pihak Pegadaian melakukan lelang terhadap barang bila debitur berbuat wanprestasi. Nasabah yang tidak kuasa untuk menebus barang yang telah digadaikan akan dilaksanakan lelang setelah jatuh tempo 120 hari atau 4 bulan terhitung sejak tanggal dilakukan kredit. Beberapa kesulitan yang dihadapi pihak Pegadaian antara lain benda yang digadaikan bukan milik debitur, tiada kesepakatan antara kreditur dan debitur terkait ganti kerugian
I employ Steps-to-War theory to analyze interstate wars in the Middle East by adding an additional escalating step: state sponsorship of non-state actors. Remarkably, however, the present scholarship completely overlooks a comprehensive assessment of the impacts and roles of state-sponsored terrorism on escalation of interstate militarized conflicts. None of the conflict studies focuses on state-sponsored terrorism and escalation of interstate conflict. This gap still exists despite a remarkable growth in the conflict literature. This article argues that the Steps-to-War thesis is a useful framework for understanding why states end up fighting wars by answering the questions: How does state-sponsored terrorism escalate interstate conflict? And how does each step intertwine with other steps and make war more likely? This paper's primary argument is that state-sponsored terrorism increases the likelihood of war by providing another escalating step in conjunction with other steps and, therefore, aligns with Steps-to-War theory, and is one of the leading escalating factors. Ultimately, this article argues that this claim has a solid basis, and the Middle Eastern cases vividly demonstrate the escalatory ability of state-sponsored terrorism because state-sponsored terrorism interacts with and reinforces other escalating factors.
The problem of bureaucratic specialization in the implementation of regional elections as a form of the success of the government bureaucracy is often a problem. The process of implementing regional elections in several regions involving bureaucrats is still not maximal, so that many elected regional heads have not been able to carry out their duties to serve the community properly. On the other hand, bureaucrats must be neutral and supported by qualifications, scientific competence, and fair and reasonable performance without prioritizing political interests, so that their duties can be carried out rationally. The writing of this article was based on juridical aspects, namely Law Number 32 of 2004 concerning Regional Government and Regulation of the Minister of Home Affairs Number 9 of 2005 concerning Guidelines for Regional Government in the Implementation of Regional Head and Deputy Regional Head Elections. This writing intended to describe and analyze the neutrality attitude of government bureaucratic officials to the practice of Regional election power in Jember Regency. The writing method used a normative juridical approach with primary and secondary observation data collection techniques and document analysis. The conclusions of this study were: First, the neutrality of the government apparatus has not yet been carried out. Second, the problem of pressure from the writerities is still common. Third, there is no protection or no clear rules of the game from the involvement of the government bureaucracy in the regional election.
ABSTRACT The tax is applied progressively on the ownership of private vehicles both two or more wheels or four or more wheels with the same name of the owner and/or residential address. Progressive taxes are imposed to provide the principle of fairness in tax imposition. Indirectly, the acquisition of this tax is used to improve transportation facilities and develop public transportation. In addition, this progressive policy is also aimed at curbing the growth rate of motor vehicle consumption. In carrying out regional autonomy, local governments have the right, authority, and obligation to take care of their own government or society specifically in implementing the Decentralization policy. The basis of the implementation of motor vehicle taxation is Law No. 28/2009 concerning regional taxes and regional user fees. To increase PAD (Regional Original Revenue), local governments must maximize their progressive tax collection policies for motor vehicle ownership. So it can be concluded 1). The application and implementation of Progressive Tax in Bandung are guided by Regional Regulation No. 13 of 2011 concerning Regional Taxes, effective on January 1, 2012, which also regulates the taxation of vehicle ownership by taxpayers of more than 1 (one) unit. Implementation of progressive fee collection on 4 (four) wheeled and 2 (two) wheeled motorized vehicles applies the calculation, namely: to ownership. First 1.75%, Second 2.25%, Third 3.75%, Fourth 3.25%, Fifth 3.75% Ownership of motor vehicles for the determination of progressive motor vehicle tax based on the same name and/or address. 2). Factors affecting the implementation of progressive taxes on motor vehicle owners are reviewed based on Act Number 28 of 2009 concerning Progressive Tax Rates: a). Service Quality, b). Tax Paying Awareness, c). Knowledge of Taxation Regulations, d). Understanding of Taxation Regulations e). Perception of the Effectiveness of the Taxation System f). Quality of Service Against Taxpayers, g). Willingness to pay taxes.Keywords: Progressive Tax, Tax Rates, Motorized Vehicles
The purpose of this article is to deconstruct the Political Economic of Accounting (PEA) and construct Social Capital through the KH. Ahmad Dahlan's Welas Asih(or compassionate) ethics. The analysis technique employed was a deconstruction approach to interpret the PEA theory or framework. Further, Social Capital was constructed using KH. Ahmad Dahlan's Ethics of Welas Asih. PEA places social relations represented by various social institutions that regulate strategies for the realization of rights and obligations, while the economic order does not have transcendental relationships as motivation in organizing the power of economic resources to generate social capital. PEA also does not guarantee or present values that have characteristics specifics in each company or country. Welas Asihethics emphasizes social capital as the output of organizing economic power, which has divine transcendental values, namely the fear of denying religion and the fear of being a wretched person in the main worship of Almighty God
Education has experienced its noble value. Education policy is always intertwined with power. Actualized from government policies that distort PKI material in schools. This makes the teacher experience alienation. The condition of alienation also occurs in the history teacher of SMA Sumenep. However, previous studies have not examined history teachers critically. Therefore, this study examines the isolation of the history teacher at SMA Sumenep from a critical education perspective. This research is qualitative with data collection of observations, interviews, and documentation. The results of the study show that there are differences in interests between history teachers and the government. In addition, education leads to black pedagogy, because the learning process is scary.
Islamic theology is an important part of the intellectual heritage left by classical Muslim thinkers. Directly or indirectly, Islamic theology has become the spirit for all pulses of Islamic thought, whether political, social, or economic. Muhammadiyah certainly needs to be recognized and understood from its various aspects that are inherent in the identity of this Islamic movement. Muhammadiyah is an Islamic movement that was founded in Yogyakarta on November 18, 1912 Miladiyah or 8 Dzulhijjah 1330 Hijriyah with the founder Kiai Haji Ahmad Dahlan. Muhammadiyah is considered as the largest Islamic organization in Indonesia. With its age that has passed a century, it has become a very large Islamic organization in Indonesia. Muhammadiyah is even known as the largest modern Islamic organization not only in Indonesia but throughout the world. The sources of data in this study include primary data and secondary data. Primary data sources are data directly collected from the books of the Tarjih Judgment Association, while secondary sources are from books, scientific journals, magazines, documents and papers related to this research topic as supporting data for primary data sources, and according to the type This research is library research, so the research data collected, both primary data and secondary data obtained from books, scientific journals, magazines, documents and other papers are read and analyzed for their contents. The data of the findings are disclosed descriptively and objectively and described through the inductive method. The theological thought of Muhammadiyah in the Tarjih Judgment Association is that Muhammadiyah uses the word ahlul haq wassunnah (Ahli Sunnah/Asy'ariyah). According to Muhammadiyah, Allah has a great name, Allah also has a qadim dzatiyyah character. Muhammadiyah chooses the opinion which says that Allah's name is taufiqi. As the Sunnah Experts argue that the nature of Allah is also taufiqi. Both can only be known through the sam'i argument as stated in the holy book or the sunnah ...
AbstrakArtikel ini merupakan sebuah analisis makna terhadap karya-karya seni visual Butet Kartaredjasa "Goro-Goro Bhineka Keramik". Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan focus pada pendekatan semiotika dyadic Ferdinand De Saussure. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa karya-karya "Goro-Goro Bhineka Keramik" memiliki makna tentang pentingnya sikap kritis bagi si seniman, sindiran politik yang memecah belah masyarakat serta pentingnya menjaga persatuan di tengah keberagaman sebagai identitas bangsa Indonesia.AbstractThe paper is a meaning analysis on artworks "Goro-Goro Bhineka Ceramic" by Butet Kartaredjasa. This research using a qualitative method with focuses on dyadic semiotics from Ferdinand De Saussure. The result of this research contains: the meaning of the ceramics is about the importance of critical attitude for him as an artist, divisive political innuendo in Indonesian people, and the importance of maintaining unity amidst diversity as the identity of the Indonesian nation.
I employ Steps-to-War theory to analyze interstate wars in the Middle East by adding an additional escalating step: state sponsorship of non-state actors. Remarkably, however, the present scholarship completely overlooks a comprehensive assessment of the impacts and roles of state-sponsored terrorism on escalation of interstate militarized conflicts. None of the conflict studies focuses on state-sponsored terrorism and escalation of interstate conflict. This gap still exists despite a remarkable growth in the conflict literature. This article argues that the Steps-to-War thesis is a useful framework for understanding why states end up fighting wars by answering the questions: How does state-sponsored terrorism escalate interstate conflict? And how does each step intertwine with other steps and make war more likely? This paper's primary argument is that state-sponsored terrorism increases the likelihood of war by providing another escalating step in conjunction with other steps and, therefore, aligns with Steps-to-War theory, and is one of the leading escalating factors. Ultimately, this article argues that this claim has a solid basis, and the Middle Eastern cases vividly demonstrate the escalatory ability of state-sponsored terrorism because state-sponsored terrorism interacts with and reinforces other escalating factors.
