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Abstract
We test a set of inequalities in choice probabilities, shown to be necessary and sufficient for random utility by Falmagne (1978). We run an experiment in which each of 141 participants chooses six times from each doubleton or larger subset of a universe of five lotteries. We compute Bayes factors in favour of random utility, versus an alternative with unrestricted choice probabilities. There is strong evidence that a large majority of participants satisfy random utility; however, there is strong evidence against random utility for four participants. Results are fairly robust to the choice of prior.

Capitalism is back. Three decades ago, when all alternatives to liberal democracy and free markets appeared discredited, talk of capitalism seemed passé. Now, after a decade of political and economic turmoil, capitalism and its temporal critique of progress and decline again seems an indispensable category to understanding a world in flux. Among the social sciences, historians have led both the embrace and critique of this 're-emergent' concept. This roundtable discussion between leading and emerging Australian scholars working across histories of economy, work, policy, geography and political economy, extends this agenda. Representing the outcome of a workshop convened at La Trobe University in November 2018 and responding to questions posed by conveners Huf and Rees, five participants debate the nature, utility and future of the new constellation of 'economic' historical scholarship. While conducted well before the outbreak of COVID-19, the ensuring discussion nevertheless speaks saliently to the crises of our times.

Parra-Acero et al. investigate cell-substrate adhesion in the filasterean C. owczarzaki, a close unicellular relative of animals. They show that cell adhesion relies on actin-dependent filopodia and is mediated by the integrin adhesome. This suggests that the role of integrins in cell-matrix adhesion was established before the emergence of animals.In animals, cell-matrix adhesions are essential for cell migration, tissue organization, and differentiation, which have central roles in embryonic development [1–6]. Integrins are the major cell surface adhesion receptors mediating cell-matrix adhesion in animals. They are heterodimeric transmembrane proteins that bind extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules on one side and connect to the actin cytoskeleton on the other [7]. Given the importance of integrin-mediated cell-matrix adhesion in development of multicellular animals, it is of interest to discover when and how this machinery arose during evolution. Comparative genomic analyses have shown that core components of the integrin adhesome pre-date the emergence of animals [8–11]; however, whether it mediates cell adhesion in non-metazoan taxa remains unknown. Here, we investigate cell-substrate adhesion in Capsaspora owczarzaki, the closest unicellular relative of animals with the most complete integrin adhesome [11, 12]. Previous work described that the life cycle of C. owczarzaki (hereafter, Capsaspora) includes three distinct life stages: adherent; cystic; and aggregative [13]. Using an adhesion assay, we show that, during the adherent life stage, C. owczarzaki adheres to surfaces using actin-dependent filopodia. We show that integrin β2 and its associated protein vinculin localize as distinct patches in the filopodia. We also demonstrate that substrate adhesion and integrin localization are enhanced by mammalian fibronectin. Finally, using a specific antibody for integrin β2, we inhibited cell adhesion to a fibronectin-coated surface. Our results suggest that adhesion to the substrate in C. owczarzaki is mediated by integrins. We thus propose that integrin-mediated adhesion pre-dates the emergence of animals. ; This work was funded by European Research Council Consolidator Grant (ERC-2012-Co-616960) to I.R.-T.; O.D. was supported by a Swiss National Science Foundation Early PostDoc Mobility fellowship (P2LAP3_171815) and a Marie Sklodowska-Curie individual fellowship (MSCA-IF 746044). M.H. received funding from the People Programme (Marie Curie Actions) of the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme FP7/ 2007-2013/ under REA grant agreement no. 330925. N.H.B.'s work on this project was supported by a Royal Society International Exchange Grant (IE141189). The CRG/UPF Proteomics Unit is part of the of Proteored, PRB3 and is supported by grant PT17/0019 of the PE I+D+i 2013-2016, funded by ISCIII and ERDF.

BACKGROUND: The spread of USA300 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) across the United States resulted in an epidemic of infections. In Europe, only sporadic cases or small clusters of USA300 infections are described, and its prevalence in England is unknown. We conducted prospective surveillance for USA300 in the east of England. METHODS: We undertook a 12-month prospective observational cohort study of all individuals with MRSA isolated from community and hospital samples submitted to a microbiology laboratory. At least 1 MRSA isolate from each individual underwent whole-genome sequencing. USA300 was identified on the basis of sequence analysis, and phylogenetic comparisons were made between these and USA300 genomes from the United States. RESULTS: Between April 2012 and April 2013, we sequenced 2283 MRSA isolates (detected during carriage screening and in clinical samples) from 1465 individuals. USA300 was isolated from 24 cases (1.6%). Ten cases (42%) had skin and soft tissue infection, and 2 cases had invasive disease. Phylogenetic analyses identified multiple introductions and household transmission of USA300. CONCLUSIONS: Use of a diagnostic laboratory as a sentinel for surveillance has identified repeated introductions of USA300 in eastern England in 2012-2013, with evidence for limited transmission. Our results show how systematic surveillance could provide an early warning of strain emergence and dissemination. ; This work was supported by grants from the UK Clinical Research Collaboration Translational Infection Research Initiative, and the Medical Research Council (Grant Number G1000803) with contributions to the Grant from the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, the National Institute for Health Research on behalf of the Department of Health, and the Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health Directorate (to Prof. Peacock); by a Healthcare Infection Society Major Research Grant (to Prof. Peacock), and by Wellcome Trust grant number 098051 awarded to the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. MST is a Wellcome Trust Clinical PhD Fellow. MET is a Clinician Scientist Fellow, supported by the Academy of Medical Sciences and the Health Foundation, and by the National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre. ; This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Oxford University Press via https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiw166

The work of Pierre Bourdieu, one of the most influential French intellectuals of the twentieth century, has had an enormous impact on research in fields as diverse as aesthetics, education, anthropology, and sociology. Pierre Bourdieu: Fieldwork in Art, Literature, and Culture is the first collection of essays to focus specifically on the contribution of Bourdieu's thought to the study of cultural production.

New teachers often feel unprepared to meet the demands of the profession, and attrition rates indicate approximately half will leave within their first 5 years. To address this problem, this applied theater project utilized ethnodrama, integrating research and performance, to stage the stories of first-year teachers. Researchers interviewed 18 first-year teachers and an ensemble of performers then developed a series of monologues, dances, poems, songs, and scenes. These vignettes fit within three categories: (a) The Beginning; (b) The Students; and (c) The Profession. This script documents that performance.

Intro -- Contents -- Preface / JoVonn G. Hill and John A. Barone -- 1. A Synopsis of Southeastern Blackland Prairies / S. Lee Echols and Wendy B. Zomlefer -- 2. Historical Distribution of Prairies in Arkansas / John A. Barone -- 3. The Use of General Land Office Survey Notes to Locate Prairie Patches in the Jackson Prairie Region / Toby Gray and Timothy J. Schauwecker -- 4. Eastern Texas Prairie Landscapes / Jason R. Singhurst and Matt White -- 5. Floristics of the Louisiana Cajun and Inland Prairies / Charles M. Allen -- 6. The Native Flora of Grasslands and Associated Woodlands in the Grand Prairie Ecoregion of Eastern Arkansas / C. Theo Witsell, Thomas L. Foti, and Brent T. Baker -- 7. Vegetation and Flora on Lowlands in the Central Black Belt of Mississippi-How Low Did the Original Prairie Go? / J. J. N. Campbell and W. R. Seymour Jr. -- 8. An Alternative Natural Distribution for Osage Orange, Maclura pomifera, Including the Prairies of the Southeast / Jennifer L. Seltzer -- 9. Prehistoric Molluscan Faunas of the Mississippi Black Prairie / Evan Peacock -- 10. The Grasshopper Fauna of Southeastern Grasslands: A Preliminary Investigation / JoVonn G. Hill -- 11. Encroachment and Persistence of Trees in Southeastern Grasslands / J. Morgan Varner -- 12. Experimental Removal of Eastern Redcedar to Restore Black Belt Prairie Remnants: Effects on Plant, Ant, and Grasshopper Communities / John A. Barone, JoVonn G. Hill, and Lisa McInnis -- 13. Conservation and Management of Subtropical Grasslands in South-Central Florida / Elizabeth H. Boughton, Patrick J. Bohlen, Steve L. Orzell, Edwin L. Bridges, and Reed F. Noss -- 14. Effects of Landscape History on Plant Communities in Semi-Natural Grassland Buffers / Jolie G. Dollar, Timothy J. Schauwecker, Samuel K. Riffell, and L. Wes Burger Jr

$\textbf{Background:}$ Long-term care facilities (LTCF) are potential reservoirs for methicillin-resistant $\textit{Staphylococcus aureus}$ (MRSA), control of which may reduce MRSA transmission and infection elsewhere in the healthcare system. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) has been used successfully to understand MRSA epidemiology and transmission in hospitals and has the potential to identify transmission between these and LTCF. $\textbf{Methods:}$ Two prospective observational studies of MRSA carriage were conducted in LTCF in England and Ireland. MRSA isolates were whole-genome sequenced and analyzed using established methods. Genomic data were available for MRSA isolated in the local healthcare systems (isolates submitted by hospitals and general practitioners). $\textbf{Results:}$ We sequenced a total of 181 MRSA isolates from the two study sites. The majority of MRSA were multilocus sequence type (ST)22. WGS identified one likely transmission event between residents in the English LTCF and three putative transmission events in the Irish LTCF. WGS also identified closely related isolates present in colonized Irish residents and their immediate environment. Based on phylogenetic reconstruction, closely related MRSA clades were identified between the LTCF and their healthcare referral network, together with putative MRSA acquisition by LTCF residents during hospital admission. $\textbf{Conclusions:}$ These data confirm that MRSA is transmitted between residents of LTCF and is both acquired and transmitted to others in referral hospitals and beyond. Our data present compelling evidence for the importance of environmental contamination in MRSA transmission, reinforcing the importance of environmental cleaning. The use of WGS in this study highlights the need to consider infection control in hospitals and community healthcare facilities as a continuum. ; UKCRC Translational Infection Research (TIR) Initiative, Medical Research Council (Grant ID: G1000803), Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, National Institute for Health Research, Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health Directorate, Hospital Infection Society (Major Research Grant), Wellcome Trust (Grant ID: 098051), Academy of Medical Sciences, Health Foundation, National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre ; This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from BioMed Central via http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13073-016-0353-5

Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) is a major cause of nosocomial infection and is categorized as high priority by the World Health Organization global priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. In the past, livestock have been proposed as a putative reservoir for drug-resistant E. faecium strains that infect humans, and isolates of the same lineage have been found in both reservoirs. We undertook cross-sectional surveys to isolate E. faecium (including VREfm) from livestock farms, retail meat, and wastewater treatment plants in the United Kingdom. More than 600 isolates from these sources were sequenced, and their relatedness and antibiotic resistance genes were compared with genomes of almost 800 E. faecium isolates from patients with bloodstream infection in the United Kingdom and Ireland. E. faecium was isolated from 28/29 farms; none of these isolates were VREfm, suggesting a decrease in VREfm prevalence since the last UK livestock survey in 2003. However, VREfm was isolated from 1% to 2% of retail meat products and was ubiquitous in wastewater treatment plants. Phylogenetic comparison demonstrated that the majority of human and livestock-related isolates were genetically distinct, although pig isolates from three farms were more genetically related to human isolates from 2001 to 2004 (minimum of 50 single-nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs]). Analysis of accessory (variable) genes added further evidence for distinct niche adaptation. An analysis of acquired antibiotic resistance genes and their variants revealed limited sharing between humans and livestock. Our findings indicate that the majority of E. faecium strains infecting patients are largely distinct from those from livestock in this setting, with limited sharing of strains and resistance genes.IMPORTANCE The rise in rates of human infection caused by vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) strains between 1988 to the 2000s in Europe was suggested to be associated with acquisition from livestock. As a result, the European Union banned the use of the glycopeptide drug avoparcin as a growth promoter in livestock feed. While some studies reported a decrease in VREfm in livestock, others reported no reduction. Here, we report the first livestock VREfm prevalence survey in the UK since 2003 and the first large-scale study using whole-genome sequencing to investigate the relationship between E. faecium strains in livestock and humans. We found a low prevalence of VREfm in retail meat and limited evidence for recent sharing of strains between livestock and humans with bloodstream infection. There was evidence for limited sharing of genes encoding antibiotic resistance between these reservoirs, a finding which requires further research.