Suchergebnisse

In this discussion of contributory finance of social insurance in the United States, the authors address the politics of the welfare state as a politically self made dilemma between vilifying income, payroll & property taxes, & funding social programs. A historical narrative of the rise & fall of consensus about contributory welfare from 1935 to the present raises implications & questions about elite interests & the nature of representation in American politics. The authors conclude that the new financing technique for social insurance is deficit spending. The resulting impacts on welfare politics will be difficulty in creating new programs & constraints on any future expansions of welfare programs. Tables, Figures, Appendixes. J. Harwell

Democracy is premised on the ability of individuals, often working with others, to influence policies affecting them. However, existing theory cannot always explain why some organized efforts are more influential than others. We introduce the concept of civic feedbacks, arguing that the ways organizations engage individuals in collective action have feedback effects that shape the strategic position of organizations, the options available to leaders, and the likelihood of policy influence. The mechanisms through which civic feedbacks operate include the depth of accountability to the constituency, the network of elite relationships to which leaders subsequently have access, and their ongoing ability to recruit a committed and flexible constituency willing to engage new issues. Analyzing how these feedbacks redound to organizations over time enhances our ability to explain civic organizations' differential rates of political influence. The concept of civic feedbacks returns organizations and organizational strategy to the center of the study of political influence.

Although the idea that existing policies can have major effects on politics and policy development is hardly new, the last three decades witnessed a major expansion of policy feedback scholarship, which focuses on the mechanisms through which existing policies shape politics and policy development. Starting with a discussion of the origins of the concept of policy feedback, this element explores early and more recent contributions of the policy feedback literature to clarify the meaning of this concept and its contribution to both political science and policy studies. After exploring the rapidly expanding scholarship on policy feedback and mass politics, this element also puts forward new research agendas that stress several ways forward, including the need to explain both institutional and policy continuity and change. Finally, the element discusses the practical implications of policy feedback research through a discussion of its potential impact on policy design. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

Despite some significant political developments and the advent of paramilitary cease‐fires, Northern Ireland remains a deeply divided society characterized by high levels of residential segregation. Although a causal link between segregation and intercommunity conflict has not been established, a wealth of research data points to the benefits of intercommunity contact in divided societies. Drawing on theoretical literature from social psychology, this paper explores responses to the out‐group in ethnically mixed and segregated Belfast communities. It concludes that the opportunity presented for intergroup contact in the mixed community seems to have, at the very least, an ameliorating effect on the fear and sense of threat posed by the out‐group.

Part I. Foundations. Americans and their political values ; The founding and the Constitution ; Federalism ; Civil liberties ; Civil rights -- Part II. Politics. Public opinion ; The media and political information ; Political parties and interest groups ; Participation, campaigns, and elections -- Part III. Institutions. Congress ; The Presidency ; The bureaucracy ; The federal courts -- Part IV. Policy. Domestic policy ; Foreign policy.

Past research on peace and conflict in Northern Ireland has focused on politically-motivated violence. However, other types of crime (i.e., nonsectarian) also impact community members. To study the changing nature of violence since the signing of the Belfast Agreement in Northern Ireland the current study used qualitative methods to distinguish between nonsectarian and sectarian antisocial behavior. Analyses were conducted using the Constant Comparative Method to illuminate thematic patterns in focus groups with Catholic and Protestant mothers from segregated Belfast neighborhoods. Participants differentiated between nonsectarian and sectarian violence; the latter was further distinguished into two dimensions – overt acts and intergroup threat. Although both nonsectarian and sectarian antisocial behavior related to insecurity, participants described pulling together and increased ingroup social cohesion in response to sectarian threats. The findings have implications for the study of violence and insecurity as experienced in the everyday lives of mothers, youth, and families in settings of protracted conflict.